{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2157194424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s110302369","title":"Classification and Quality Evaluation of Tobacco Leaves Based on Image Processing and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation","display_name":"Classification and Quality Evaluation of Tobacco Leaves Based on Image Processing and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2157194424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s110302369","mag":"2157194424","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22163744"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s110302369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s110302369","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/3/2369/pdf?version=1403314349","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/3/2369/pdf?version=1403314349","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100403556","display_name":"Fan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2176-3835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173899330","display_name":"Henan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003xyzq10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China","Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048171321","display_name":"Xinhong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2403-4777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173899330","display_name":"Henan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003xyzq10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinhong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Center, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Center, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100403556"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.31,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8704992,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"2369","last_page":"2384"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9531000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.7200725078582764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.676307201385498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.5881101489067078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5187097191810608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.48009374737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4678571820259094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.465457022190094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobacco-leaf","display_name":"Tobacco leaf","score":0.4637477993965149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4576387405395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39956408739089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.20882484316825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19426193833351135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-engineering","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","score":0.11280953884124756}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.7200725078582764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.676307201385498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5881101489067078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5187097191810608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.48009374737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4678571820259094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.465457022190094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019666931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1566","display_name":"Tobacco leaf","level":2,"score":0.4637477993965149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4576387405395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39956408739089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.20882484316825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19426193833351135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.11280953884124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014026","descriptor_name":"Nicotiana","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014026","descriptor_name":"Nicotiana","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014026","descriptor_name":"Nicotiana","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014026","descriptor_name":"Nicotiana","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016011","descriptor_name":"Normal Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016011","descriptor_name":"Normal Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016011","descriptor_name":"Normal Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016011","descriptor_name":"Normal Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017143","descriptor_name":"Fuzzy Logic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017143","descriptor_name":"Fuzzy Logic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017143","descriptor_name":"Fuzzy Logic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017143","descriptor_name":"Fuzzy Logic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s110302369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s110302369","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/3/2369/pdf?version=1403314349","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22163744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22163744","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:97c0bc2ec88c45fdb37b42cbdca7c312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/97c0bc2ec88c45fdb37b42cbdca7c312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 11, Iss 3, Pp 2369-2384 (2011)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2240760","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3231645","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/11/3/2369/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s110302369","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 11; Issue 3; Pages: 2369-2384","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s110302369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s110302369","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/3/2369/pdf?version=1403314349","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2157194424.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2157194424.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983877030","https://openalex.org/W2001789919","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2056749682","https://openalex.org/W2062788190","https://openalex.org/W2068781334","https://openalex.org/W2093632026","https://openalex.org/W2111645544","https://openalex.org/W2139577851","https://openalex.org/W2142793684","https://openalex.org/W2151707108","https://openalex.org/W2157041604","https://openalex.org/W2171935505","https://openalex.org/W2534052149","https://openalex.org/W2598771954","https://openalex.org/W2912565176","https://openalex.org/W4211007335","https://openalex.org/W4240278385","https://openalex.org/W4244384453","https://openalex.org/W4245152641","https://openalex.org/W6728881680"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064165679","https://openalex.org/W1588461101","https://openalex.org/W3208525924","https://openalex.org/W2885058781","https://openalex.org/W1552490082","https://openalex.org/W2189583758","https://openalex.org/W3009904625","https://openalex.org/W1983121850","https://openalex.org/W3088126669","https://openalex.org/W2365325690"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"of":[1,7,21,51,95,109,131,134,144,156,170,196],"classification,":[2],"quality":[3,36,194],"evaluation":[4,37,104,149,184,195],"or":[5],"grading":[6,68,81],"the":[8,18,35,56,61,91,116,128,132,138,145,153,162,167,171,181,190,197],"flue-cured":[9,82],"tobacco":[10,52,83,135,164,173,198],"leaves":[11,53,136,174],"are":[12,38],"manually":[13],"operated,":[14],"which":[15],"relies":[16],"on":[17,55,71,115],"judgmental":[19],"experience":[20],"experts,":[22],"and":[23,29,34,41,60,80,93,99,126,166,193],"inevitably":[24],"limited":[25],"by":[26],"personal,":[27],"physical":[28],"environmental":[30],"factors.":[31],"The":[32,119,141],"classification":[33,49,157,192],"therefore":[39],"subjective":[40],"experientially":[42],"based.":[43],"In":[44],"this":[45],"paper,":[46],"an":[47],"automatic":[48,191],"method":[50],"based":[54,70,114],"digital":[57],"image":[58,72],"processing":[59,73],"fuzzy":[62,117,139,147,182],"sets":[63],"theory":[64],"is":[65,122,158,175,185],"presented.":[66],"A":[67],"system":[69,86],"techniques":[74],"was":[75],"developed":[76],"for":[77,90,161,189],"automatically":[78],"inspecting":[79],"leaves.":[84,199],"This":[85],"uses":[87],"machine":[88],"vision":[89],"extraction":[92],"analysis":[94],"color,":[96],"size,":[97],"shape":[98],"surface":[100],"texture.":[101],"Fuzzy":[102],"comprehensive":[103,148,183],"provides":[105],"a":[106,186],"high":[107],"level":[108],"confidence":[110],"in":[111,137],"decision":[112],"making":[113],"logic.":[118],"neural":[120],"network":[121],"used":[123],"to":[124],"estimate":[125],"forecast":[127],"membership":[129],"function":[130],"features":[133],"sets.":[140],"experimental":[142],"results":[143],"two-level":[146],"(FCE)":[150],"show":[151],"that":[152,180],"accuracy":[154,168],"rate":[155,169],"about":[159,176],"94%":[160],"trained":[163],"leaves,":[165],"non-trained":[172],"72%.":[177],"We":[178],"believe":[179],"viable":[187],"way":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
