{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2007924209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s101110128","title":"Error Analysis of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data by Means of Spherical Statistics and 3D Graphs","display_name":"Error Analysis of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data by Means of Spherical Statistics and 3D Graphs","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2007924209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s101110128","mag":"2007924209","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22163461"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s101110128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s101110128","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/11/10128/pdf?version=1403313257","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/11/10128/pdf?version=1403313257","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033934185","display_name":"Aurora Cuartero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0219-9696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80606768","display_name":"Universidad de Extremadura","ror":"https://ror.org/0174shg90","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80606768"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aurora Cuartero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic School, University of Extremadura, 10071 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic School, University of Extremadura, 10071 C\u00e1ceres, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80606768"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086097491","display_name":"Julia Armesto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8173-8319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia Armesto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mining Engineering School, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mining Engineering School, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052193156","display_name":"Pablo G. Rodr\u00edguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8168-7892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80606768","display_name":"Universidad de Extremadura","ror":"https://ror.org/0174shg90","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80606768"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pablo G. Rodr\u00edguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic School, University of Extremadura, 10071 C\u00e1ceres, Spain","Univ. of Vigo#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic School, University of Extremadura, 10071 C\u00e1ceres, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80606768"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Vigo#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002336145","display_name":"Pedro Arias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3547-8907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Arias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mining Engineering School, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mining Engineering School, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033934185"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80606768"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.71,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89110868,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"11","first_page":"10128","last_page":"10145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.5214456915855408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5149829983711243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4697725176811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.44291627407073975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4424591064453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-error","display_name":"Observational error","score":0.4321443736553192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-analysis","display_name":"Error analysis","score":0.43179452419281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isotropy","display_name":"Isotropy","score":0.41590186953544617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.4150208830833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.35055166482925415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.19075170159339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.133540540933609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.1250036060810089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1235794723033905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08540588617324829}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.5214456915855408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5149829983711243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4697725176811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.44291627407073975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4424591064453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.4321443736553192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018824978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2894891","display_name":"Error analysis","level":2,"score":0.43179452419281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184050105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273163","display_name":"Isotropy","level":2,"score":0.41590186953544617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4150208830833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.35055166482925415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.19075170159339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.133540540933609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.1250036060810089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1235794723033905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08540588617324829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D007834","descriptor_name":"Lasers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007834","descriptor_name":"Lasers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007834","descriptor_name":"Lasers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s101110128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s101110128","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/11/10128/pdf?version=1403313257","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22163461","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22163461","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:dehesa.unex.es:10662/26790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10662/26790","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401011","display_name":"Institutional Repository University of Extremadura (University of Extremadura)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I80606768","host_organization_name":"Universidad de Extremadura","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80606768"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f552032a7af84978a7e20146b1a21011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f552032a7af84978a7e20146b1a21011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 10, Iss 11, Pp 10128-10145 (2010)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2240209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3231027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/10/11/10128/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s101110128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 10; Issue 11; Pages: 10128-10145","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s101110128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s101110128","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/11/10128/pdf?version=1403313257","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2007924209.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2007924209.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W37754739","https://openalex.org/W404831753","https://openalex.org/W1490590450","https://openalex.org/W1527691091","https://openalex.org/W1974638467","https://openalex.org/W1989608858","https://openalex.org/W2026449799","https://openalex.org/W2027459889","https://openalex.org/W2037842519","https://openalex.org/W2046163973","https://openalex.org/W2053529847","https://openalex.org/W2062060967","https://openalex.org/W2067613031","https://openalex.org/W2076330455","https://openalex.org/W2084130308","https://openalex.org/W2087199167","https://openalex.org/W2090138688","https://openalex.org/W2094026897","https://openalex.org/W2095800081","https://openalex.org/W2106321212","https://openalex.org/W2118885802","https://openalex.org/W2135750657","https://openalex.org/W2138676909","https://openalex.org/W2183393372","https://openalex.org/W2317546951","https://openalex.org/W2326671280","https://openalex.org/W2328020563","https://openalex.org/W2345293735","https://openalex.org/W2410236671","https://openalex.org/W2489878482","https://openalex.org/W2797466362","https://openalex.org/W3013267890","https://openalex.org/W4242534631","https://openalex.org/W4253817451","https://openalex.org/W6614058752","https://openalex.org/W6631592871","https://openalex.org/W6674473936","https://openalex.org/W6704781738"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2794789911","https://openalex.org/W4298134547","https://openalex.org/W1559463472","https://openalex.org/W1564381903","https://openalex.org/W2027491236","https://openalex.org/W2896586941","https://openalex.org/W2347703721","https://openalex.org/W2374739525","https://openalex.org/W2351545781","https://openalex.org/W1997826558"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,78,134],"complete":[4,136],"analysis":[5,137],"of":[6,10,28,33,138,148],"the":[7,29,34,90,97,126,139,149,158],"positional":[8,84,140],"errors":[9,94,101],"terrestrial":[11],"laser":[12],"scanning":[13],"(TLS)":[14],"data":[15],"based":[16],"on":[17],"spherical":[18,52,108],"statistics":[19,24],"and":[20,45,60,72,96,106,154],"3D":[21,30,104],"graphs.":[22],"Spherical":[23],"are":[25],"preferred":[26],"because":[27],"vectorial":[31],"nature":[32],"spatial":[35],"error.":[36],"Error":[37],"vectors":[38],"have":[39],"three":[40],"metric":[41],"elements":[42],"(one":[43],"module":[44],"two":[46],"angles)":[47],"that":[48,125],"were":[49,65,75,116],"analyzed":[50,87],"by":[51,77,88,103,162],"statistics.":[53,109,164],"A":[54],"study":[55],"case":[56],"has":[57],"been":[58],"presented":[59],"discussed":[61],"in":[62,112,156],"detail.":[63],"Errors":[64],"calculating":[66],"using":[67],"53":[68],"check":[69],"points":[70],"(CP)":[71],"CP":[73],"coordinates":[74],"measured":[76],"digitizer":[79],"with":[80],"submillimetre":[81],"accuracy.":[82],"The":[83,122],"accuracy":[85],"was":[86],"both":[89],"conventional":[91],"method":[92,99,128],"(modular":[93],"analysis)":[95,102],"proposed":[98,127],"(angular":[100],"graphics":[105,120],"numerical":[107],"Two":[110],"packages":[111],"R":[113],"programming":[114],"language":[115],"performed":[117],"to":[118],"obtain":[119],"automatically.":[121],"results":[123],"indicated":[124],"is":[129],"advantageous":[130],"as":[131,143],"it":[132],"offers":[133],"more":[135],"accuracy,":[141],"such":[142],"angular":[144],"error":[145,152,160],"component,":[146],"uniformity":[147],"vector":[150],"distribution,":[151],"isotropy,":[153],"error,":[155],"addition":[157],"modular":[159],"component":[161],"linear":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}