{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2158454383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100504825","title":"GPCA vs. PCA in Recognition and 3-D Localization of Ultrasound Reflectors","display_name":"GPCA vs. PCA in Recognition and 3-D Localization of Ultrasound Reflectors","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2158454383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100504825","mag":"2158454383","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22363203"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s100504825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100504825","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/5/4825/pdf?version=1403312475","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/5/4825/pdf?version=1403312475","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113898236","display_name":"Carlos A. Luna","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carlos A. Luna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics Department, High Polytechnic School, Alcal\u00e1 University, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics Department, High Polytechnic School, Alcal\u00e1 University, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022730345","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 A. Jim\u00e9nez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0900-4684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 A. Jim\u00e9nez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics Department, High Polytechnic School, Alcal\u00e1 University, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics Department, High Polytechnic School, Alcal\u00e1 University, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014421885","display_name":"Daniel Pizarro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0622-4884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Pizarro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics Department, High Polytechnic School, Alcal\u00e1 University, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics Department, High Polytechnic School, Alcal\u00e1 University, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067349876","display_name":"Cristina Losada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9545-327X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristina Losada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics Department, High Polytechnic School, Alcal\u00e1 University, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics Department, High Polytechnic School, Alcal\u00e1 University, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101961254","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Calama Rodr\u00edguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0348-6785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 M. Rodriguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics Department, High Polytechnic School, Alcal\u00e1 University, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics Department, High Polytechnic School, Alcal\u00e1 University, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113898236"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14851786,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"5","first_page":"4825","last_page":"4837"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12537","display_name":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.7508848905563354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasonic-sensor","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","score":0.6500551700592041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locality","display_name":"Locality","score":0.6305456161499023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.6142051219940186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5938880443572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5255954265594482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5155322551727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4775289297103882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound","display_name":"Ultrasound","score":0.4771948754787445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3362886905670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.32366085052490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2858309745788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16986504197120667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.7508848905563354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81288441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20736125","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","level":2,"score":0.6500551700592041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779808786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6664603","display_name":"Locality","level":2,"score":0.6305456161499023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.6142051219940186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5938880443572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5255954265594482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5155322551727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4775289297103882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.4771948754787445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3362886905670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.32366085052490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2858309745788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16986504197120667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s100504825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100504825","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/5/4825/pdf?version=1403312475","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22363203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22363203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1957048fa30d416184c345d50328b971","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1957048fa30d416184c345d50328b971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 10, Iss 5, Pp 4825-4837 (2010)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2292232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3280728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s100504825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100504825","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/5/4825/pdf?version=1403312475","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2158454383.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487936637","https://openalex.org/W1949800322","https://openalex.org/W1984698342","https://openalex.org/W2005070869","https://openalex.org/W2012352340","https://openalex.org/W2102544846","https://openalex.org/W2112474155","https://openalex.org/W2141188346","https://openalex.org/W2158347682","https://openalex.org/W2161015910","https://openalex.org/W2171898086","https://openalex.org/W2328938849","https://openalex.org/W2540152323"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975632186","https://openalex.org/W3027745756","https://openalex.org/W2531880140","https://openalex.org/W3205213561","https://openalex.org/W1555349535","https://openalex.org/W1556451512","https://openalex.org/W2126145365","https://openalex.org/W2036609560","https://openalex.org/W346861917","https://openalex.org/W3024018414"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,44,95],"new":[4],"method":[5,24,100],"of":[6,10,25,60,71,79,89,98,101,108,114,127,143],"classification":[7,26,102,130],"and":[8,27,51,103,105,121,131],"localization":[9,28,104,132],"reflectors,":[11],"using":[12],"the":[13,39,68,86,90,99,106,137,141],"time-of-flight":[14],"(TOF)":[15],"data":[16],"obtained":[17,42],"from":[18,43],"ultrasonic":[19],"transducers,":[20],"is":[21,29],"presented.":[22],"The":[23,73,123],"based":[30],"on":[31,85],"Generalized":[32],"Principal":[33],"Component":[34],"Analysis":[35],"(GPCA)":[36],"applied":[37],"to":[38],"TOF":[40],"values":[41],"sensor":[45],"that":[46],"contains":[47],"four":[48],"ultrasound":[49],"emitters":[50],"16":[52],"receivers.":[53,72,91],"Since":[54],"PCA":[55],"works":[56,75],"with":[57,76,111],"vectorized":[58],"representations":[59,78],"TOF,":[61,80],"it":[62],"does":[63],"not":[64],"take":[65],"into":[66,82],"account":[67,83],"spatial":[69,87],"locality":[70],"GPCA":[74],"two-dimensional":[77],"taking":[81],"information":[84],"position":[88],"This":[92],"report":[93],"includes":[94],"detailed":[96],"description":[97],"results":[107,124],"achieved":[109],"tests":[110],"three":[112],"types":[113],"reflectors":[115,138],"in":[116,125,140],"3-D":[117],"environments:":[118],"planes,":[119],"edges,":[120],"corners.":[122],"terms":[126],"processing":[128],"time,":[129],"were":[133],"very":[134],"satisfactory":[135],"for":[136],"located":[139],"range":[142],"50-350":[144],"cm.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
