{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2148159003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100404002","title":"In Situ Roughness Measurements for the Solar Cell Industry Using an Atomic Force Microscope","display_name":"In Situ Roughness Measurements for the Solar Cell Industry Using an Atomic Force Microscope","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2148159003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100404002","mag":"2148159003","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22319338"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s100404002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100404002","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/4/4002/pdf?version=1403312397","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/4/4002/pdf?version=1403312397","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091199937","display_name":"H. Gonz\u00e1lez-Jorge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0195-8849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Higinio Gonz\u00e1lez-Jorge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de los Recursos Naturales y del Medioambiente, ETS Ingenier\u00eda de Minas, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de los Recursos Naturales y del Medioambiente, ETS Ingenier\u00eda de Minas, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061484235","display_name":"V\u00edctor \u00c1lvarez-Valado","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109868","display_name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico de Automoci\u00f3n de Galicia","ror":"https://ror.org/016k9d838","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109868"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor Alvarez-Valado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de I+D, Laboratorio Oficial de Metrolox\u00eda de Galicia, Parque Tecnol\u00f3xico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Vi\u00f1as, 32901 Ourense, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de I+D, Laboratorio Oficial de Metrolox\u00eda de Galicia, Parque Tecnol\u00f3xico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Vi\u00f1as, 32901 Ourense, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109868"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011941371","display_name":"J. L. Valencia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5421-2947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109868","display_name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico de Automoci\u00f3n de Galicia","ror":"https://ror.org/016k9d838","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109868"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Luis Valencia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de I+D, Laboratorio Oficial de Metrolox\u00eda de Galicia, Parque Tecnol\u00f3xico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Vi\u00f1as, 32901 Ourense, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de I+D, Laboratorio Oficial de Metrolox\u00eda de Galicia, Parque Tecnol\u00f3xico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Vi\u00f1as, 32901 Ourense, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109868"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090080468","display_name":"Soledad Torres","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-1366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109868","display_name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico de Automoci\u00f3n de Galicia","ror":"https://ror.org/016k9d838","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109868"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soledad Torres","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de I+D, Laboratorio Oficial de Metrolox\u00eda de Galicia, Parque Tecnol\u00f3xico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Vi\u00f1as, 32901 Ourense, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de I+D, Laboratorio Oficial de Metrolox\u00eda de Galicia, Parque Tecnol\u00f3xico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Vi\u00f1as, 32901 Ourense, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109868"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091199937"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.0915,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79065779,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"4002","last_page":"4009"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10923","display_name":"Force Microscopy Techniques and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10923","display_name":"Force Microscopy Techniques and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13049","display_name":"Surface Roughness and Optical Measurements","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12466","display_name":"Near-Field Optical Microscopy","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-finish","display_name":"Surface finish","score":0.6136363744735718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.6054500937461853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-roughness","display_name":"Surface roughness","score":0.5835179090499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fabrication","display_name":"Fabrication","score":0.4970441162586212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-cell","display_name":"Solar cell","score":0.4905552268028259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microscope","display_name":"Microscope","score":0.4244282841682434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.3673223853111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3637899160385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.3523225784301758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.28624075651168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.2756562829017639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19972017407417297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08696568012237549}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71039073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3439090","display_name":"Surface finish","level":2,"score":0.6136363744735718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6054500937461853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107365816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114817","display_name":"Surface roughness","level":2,"score":0.5835179090499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.4970441162586212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780824857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58803","display_name":"Solar cell","level":2,"score":0.4905552268028259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67649825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196538","display_name":"Microscope","level":2,"score":0.4244282841682434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3673223853111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3637899160385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.3523225784301758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.28624075651168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.2756562829017639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19972017407417297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08696568012237549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s100404002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100404002","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/4/4002/pdf?version=1403312397","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22319338","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22319338","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:44e17262c83d4f7ea18b22403c870eff","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/44e17262c83d4f7ea18b22403c870eff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 10, Iss 4, Pp 4002-4009 (2010)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/10/4/4002/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s100404002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 10; Issue 4; Pages: 4002-4009","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3274257","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3274257","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s100404002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100404002","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/4/4002/pdf?version=1403312397","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323153","display_name":"Danmarks Tekniske Universitet","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326655","display_name":"Xunta de Galicia","ror":"https://ror.org/0181xnw06"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2148159003.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2148159003.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W648461244","https://openalex.org/W1595956067","https://openalex.org/W1966030413","https://openalex.org/W1970469173","https://openalex.org/W2041204513","https://openalex.org/W2066119236","https://openalex.org/W2069514326","https://openalex.org/W2092004168","https://openalex.org/W2105196447","https://openalex.org/W2151474209","https://openalex.org/W2474877488","https://openalex.org/W4233267218","https://openalex.org/W4239905632","https://openalex.org/W6668059499"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966848192","https://openalex.org/W1995485687","https://openalex.org/W2061195329","https://openalex.org/W2020297994","https://openalex.org/W1657313005","https://openalex.org/W2065210419","https://openalex.org/W2064726292","https://openalex.org/W2074129985","https://openalex.org/W3089079133","https://openalex.org/W2013812364"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Areal":[0,97],"roughness":[1,98],"parameters":[2,32,85,99],"always":[3],"need":[4],"to":[5,114,121],"be":[6,150],"under":[7,94],"control":[8],"in":[9,39,87,91,123,142],"the":[10,22,26,57,84,92,105,112,138,147,154],"thin":[11],"film":[12],"solar":[13],"cell":[14],"industry":[15],"because":[16],"of":[17,25,66,104,118,137,146,159],"their":[18],"close":[19],"relationship":[20],"with":[21],"electrical":[23],"efficiency":[24],"cells.":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29,45,88,116,143],"work,":[30],"these":[31],"are":[33,48],"evaluated":[34],"for":[35,44,132],"measurements":[36],"carried":[37],"out":[38],"a":[40,51,81,130],"typical":[41],"fabrication":[42],"area":[43],"industry.":[46],"Measurements":[47],"made":[49],"using":[50],"portable":[52],"atomic":[53],"force":[54],"microscope":[55],"on":[56],"CNC":[58],"diamond":[59],"cutting":[60],"machine":[61],"where":[62],"an":[63],"initial":[64],"sample":[65,131],"transparent":[67,139],"conductive":[68,140],"oxide":[69],"is":[70,77],"cut":[71],"into":[72],"four":[73],"pieces.":[74],"The":[75],"method":[76],"validated":[78],"by":[79],"making":[80],"comparison":[82],"between":[83],"obtained":[86],"process":[89],"and":[90,100,110,157],"laboratory":[93],"optimal":[95],"conditions.":[96],"Fourier":[101],"Spectral":[102],"Analysis":[103],"data":[106],"show":[107],"good":[108],"compatibility":[109],"open":[111],"possibility":[113],"use":[115],"type":[117],"measurement":[119,155],"instrument":[120],"perform":[122],"situ":[124],"quality":[125],"control.":[126],"This":[127],"procedure":[128],"gives":[129],"evaluation":[133],"without":[134],"destroying":[135],"any":[136],"oxide;":[141],"way":[144],"100%":[145],"production":[148],"can":[149],"tested,":[151],"so":[152],"improving":[153],"time":[156],"rate":[158],"production.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
