{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1549337233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100402587","title":"A Multi-Point Sensor Based on Optical Fiber for the Measurement of Electrolyte Density in Lead-Acid Batteries","display_name":"A Multi-Point Sensor Based on Optical Fiber for the Measurement of Electrolyte Density in Lead-Acid Batteries","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1549337233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100402587","mag":"1549337233","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22319262"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s100402587","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100402587","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/4/2587/pdf?version=1403312296","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/4/2587/pdf?version=1403312296","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012947101","display_name":"A. Cao-Paz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2343-3266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ana M. Cao-Paz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Technology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Technology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110881861","display_name":"Jorge Marcos-Acevedo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Marcos-Acevedo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Technology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Technology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067559695","display_name":"Alfredo del Rio-Vazquez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfredo Del R\u00edo-V\u00e1zquez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Technology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Technology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022949712","display_name":"Carlos Mart\u00ednez-Pe\u00f1alver","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Mart\u00ednez-Pe\u00f1alver","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Technology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Technology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030974225","display_name":"A. Lago","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8697-4807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfonso Lago-Ferreiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Technology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Technology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039677049","display_name":"Andr\u00e9s A. Nogueiras Mel\u00e9ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8898-8903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9s A. Nogueiras-Mel\u00e9ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Technology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Technology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062640379","display_name":"Jes\u00fas Doval\u2010Gandoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8526-3106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jes\u00fas Doval-Gandoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Technology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Technology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012947101","https://openalex.org/A5110881861"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.0341,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92941953,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"2587","last_page":"2608"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.955299973487854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9147999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead\u2013acid-battery","display_name":"Lead\u2013acid battery","score":0.7839617729187012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrolyte","display_name":"Electrolyte","score":0.6778723001480103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.661222517490387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-of-charge","display_name":"State of charge","score":0.5836200714111328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.5554496049880981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4339247941970825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-point","display_name":"Multi point","score":0.4209912419319153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.33850669860839844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2708893418312073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23718419671058655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.22636300325393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.16449695825576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15373095870018005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11259180307388306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.10373520851135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.060138702392578125}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50292345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337724","display_name":"Lead\u2013acid battery","level":4,"score":0.7839617729187012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68801617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162908","display_name":"Electrolyte","level":3,"score":0.6778723001480103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.661222517490387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536","display_name":"State of charge","level":4,"score":0.5836200714111328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.5554496049880981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4339247941970825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020050198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6935027","display_name":"Multi point","level":2,"score":0.4209912419319153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.33850669860839844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2708893418312073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23718419671058655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.22636300325393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.16449695825576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15373095870018005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11259180307388306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.10373520851135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.060138702392578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s100402587","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100402587","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/4/2587/pdf?version=1403312296","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22319262","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22319262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cb5f8b3239c24ac3bb8bb8a4a2089317","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cb5f8b3239c24ac3bb8bb8a4a2089317","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 10, Iss 4, Pp 2587-2608 (2010)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/10/4/2587/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s100402587","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 10; Issue 4; Pages: 2587-2608","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3274176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3274176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s100402587","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100402587","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/4/2587/pdf?version=1403312296","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1549337233.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1549337233.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986969087","https://openalex.org/W1999646979","https://openalex.org/W2000227634","https://openalex.org/W2005692576","https://openalex.org/W2026561789","https://openalex.org/W2045284759","https://openalex.org/W2050591158","https://openalex.org/W2054290260","https://openalex.org/W2065346676","https://openalex.org/W2074633004","https://openalex.org/W2074846599","https://openalex.org/W2085105464","https://openalex.org/W2091642645","https://openalex.org/W2100792053","https://openalex.org/W2110338247","https://openalex.org/W2134340764","https://openalex.org/W2147259676","https://openalex.org/W2162187944","https://openalex.org/W2171480402","https://openalex.org/W2171698720","https://openalex.org/W2530827459","https://openalex.org/W3140551210","https://openalex.org/W3143780238","https://openalex.org/W4237271290","https://openalex.org/W4252758486","https://openalex.org/W6684888786"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976246848","https://openalex.org/W3036376636","https://openalex.org/W2390641555","https://openalex.org/W2348447771","https://openalex.org/W1994473500","https://openalex.org/W2556297497","https://openalex.org/W2033431645","https://openalex.org/W3217585745","https://openalex.org/W2378955510","https://openalex.org/W3170039642"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"describes":[2],"a":[3],"multi-point":[4],"optical":[5],"fiber-based":[6],"sensor":[7,52],"for":[8],"the":[9,21,29,73,83,92],"measurement":[10,64],"of":[11,32,62,78,88,91],"electrolyte":[12],"density":[13,43,67],"in":[14,55,81],"lead-acid":[15],"batteries.":[16],"It":[17],"is":[18],"known":[19],"that":[20],"battery":[22],"charging":[23],"process":[24],"creates":[25],"stratification,":[26],"due":[27],"to":[28,39],"different":[30,49,70],"densities":[31],"sulphuric":[33],"acid":[34],"and":[35,86],"water.":[36],"In":[37],"order":[38],"study":[40],"this":[41,56],"process,":[42],"measurements":[44,68,79],"should":[45],"be":[46],"obtained":[47,76],"at":[48,69],"depths.":[50],"The":[51,75],"we":[53],"describe":[54],"paper,":[57],"unlike":[58],"traditional":[59],"sensors,":[60],"consists":[61],"several":[63],"points,":[65],"allowing":[66],"depths":[71],"inside":[72],"battery.":[74,93],"set":[77],"helps":[80],"determining":[82],"charge":[84],"(SoC)":[85],"state":[87],"health":[89],"(SoH)":[90]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}