{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2122648473","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100301619","title":"An Enhanced Backbone-Assisted Reliable Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks","display_name":"An Enhanced Backbone-Assisted Reliable Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2122648473","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100301619","mag":"2122648473","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22294890"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s100301619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100301619","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/3/1619/pdf?version=1403312181","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/3/1619/pdf?version=1403312181","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062272001","display_name":"Ali Tufail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4871-4080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Tufail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information and Communication, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information and Communication, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110173633","display_name":"Syed Ali Khayam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Ali Khayam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081100099","display_name":"Muhammad Taqi Raza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1245-1151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Taqi Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["USN Networking Research Team / Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USN Networking Research Team / Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037728802","display_name":"Amna Ali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amna Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information and Communication, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information and Communication, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101410896","display_name":"Ki\u2010Hyung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6624-3003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ki-Hyung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information and Communication, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information and Communication, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101410896"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.3543,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92723953,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"3","first_page":"1619","last_page":"1651"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.70125412940979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.6760014891624451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6652194261550903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sink","display_name":"Sink (geography)","score":0.46487143635749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.4582568407058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4404817223548889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.420870840549469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3830087184906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.3201778829097748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2151225209236145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.14327886700630188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.70125412940979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.6760014891624451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6652194261550903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143050476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194502","display_name":"Sink (geography)","level":2,"score":0.46487143635749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.4582568407058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4404817223548889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.420870840549469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3830087184906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.3201778829097748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2151225209236145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.14327886700630188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003195","descriptor_name":"Computer Communication Networks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003195","descriptor_name":"Computer Communication Networks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003195","descriptor_name":"Computer Communication Networks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013686","descriptor_name":"Telemetry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013686","descriptor_name":"Telemetry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013686","descriptor_name":"Telemetry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s100301619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100301619","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/3/1619/pdf?version=1403312181","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22294890","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22294890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.272.2093","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.272.2093","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/76/cb/Sensors_(Basel)_2010_Mar_1_10(3)_1619-1651.tar.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:12fc7c231c244a748432ee1fcae636ff","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/12fc7c231c244a748432ee1fcae636ff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 10, Iss 3, Pp 1619-1651 (2010)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3264442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3264442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s100301619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s100301619","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/3/1619/pdf?version=1403312181","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523266283","https://openalex.org/W1558460568","https://openalex.org/W1905021885","https://openalex.org/W1963746678","https://openalex.org/W2031889381","https://openalex.org/W2067704159","https://openalex.org/W2075979925","https://openalex.org/W2097573961","https://openalex.org/W2100360405","https://openalex.org/W2102655214","https://openalex.org/W2102966891","https://openalex.org/W2108183931","https://openalex.org/W2112965347","https://openalex.org/W2113363548","https://openalex.org/W2116719097","https://openalex.org/W2118335146","https://openalex.org/W2121441899","https://openalex.org/W2124824471","https://openalex.org/W2130855826","https://openalex.org/W2130950108","https://openalex.org/W2137218465","https://openalex.org/W2142069847","https://openalex.org/W2149995351","https://openalex.org/W2154899882","https://openalex.org/W2157487459","https://openalex.org/W2158607922","https://openalex.org/W2158644171","https://openalex.org/W2158790390","https://openalex.org/W2322524800","https://openalex.org/W2337489677"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294565841","https://openalex.org/W2006668579","https://openalex.org/W3204276839","https://openalex.org/W4241461035","https://openalex.org/W4229671472","https://openalex.org/W2513792068","https://openalex.org/W2064117466","https://openalex.org/W2607179100","https://openalex.org/W2140639809","https://openalex.org/W1995305559"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"extremely":[1],"reliable":[2,41,53,57,70,101],"source":[3,42,82,132,176],"to":[4,18,25,43,62,83,110,120,160,177],"sink":[5,44,135,179],"communication":[6,95],"is":[7,98],"required":[8],"for":[9],"most":[10],"of":[11,66,78,91,116,140,192],"the":[12,64,76,84,89,112,134,158,167,178,190,199],"contemporary":[13],"WSN":[14,104],"applications":[15],"especially":[16],"pertaining":[17],"military,":[19],"healthcare":[20],"and":[21,30,71,114,133,196],"disaster-recovery.":[22],"However,":[23,124],"due":[24],"their":[26],"intrinsic":[27],"energy,":[28],"bandwidth":[29],"computational":[31],"constraints,":[32],"Wireless":[33],"Sensor":[34],"Networks":[35],"(WSNs)":[36],"encounter":[37],"several":[38],"challenges":[39],"in":[40,125,205],"communication.":[45,180],"In":[46],"this":[47],"paper,":[48],"we":[49,148,182],"present":[50,149],"a":[51,121,138,150,193],"novel":[52],"topology":[54,188,201],"that":[55,94,198],"uses":[56],"hotlines":[58,97],"between":[59,175],"sensor":[60],"gateways":[61,159],"boost":[63],"reliability":[65,108],"end-to-end":[67,173,206],"transmissions.":[68],"This":[69],"efficient":[72],"routing":[73,128,163],"alternative":[74],"reduces":[75],"number":[77],"average":[79],"hops":[80,141],"from":[81],"sink.":[85],"We":[86,106],"prove,":[87],"with":[88,189],"help":[90,191],"analytical":[92],"evaluation,":[93],"using":[96],"considerably":[99],"more":[100,145],"than":[102],"traditional":[103],"routing.":[105],"use":[107],"theory":[109],"analyze":[111],"cost":[113],"benefit":[115],"adding":[117],"gateway":[118],"nodes":[119],"backbone-assisted":[122],"WSN.":[123],"hotline":[126,186],"assisted":[127],"some":[129],"scenarios":[130],"where":[131],"are":[136],"just":[137],"couple":[139],"away":[142],"might":[143],"bring":[144],"latency,":[146],"therefore,":[147],"Signature":[151],"Based":[152],"Routing":[153],"(SBR)":[154],"scheme.":[155],"SBR":[156],"enables":[157],"make":[161],"intelligent":[162],"decisions,":[164],"based":[165,187],"upon":[166],"derived":[168],"signature,":[169],"hence":[170],"providing":[171],"lesser":[172],"delay":[174],"Finally,":[181],"evaluate":[183],"our":[184],"proposed":[185,200],"simulation":[194],"tool":[195],"show":[197],"provides":[202],"manifold":[203],"increase":[204],"reliability.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
