{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2769756082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111198","title":"Airport Detection Using End-to-End Convolutional Neural Network with Hard Example Mining","display_name":"Airport Detection Using End-to-End Convolutional Neural Network with Hard Example Mining","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2769756082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111198","mag":"2769756082"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9111198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111198","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/11/1198/pdf?version=1511425391","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/11/1198/pdf?version=1511425391","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102025303","display_name":"Bowen Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5945-9911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bowen Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Media, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","Image Processing Center, School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Media, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Image Processing Center, School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016853247","display_name":"Zhiguo Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8786-2540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiguo Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Media, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","Image Processing Center, School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Media, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Image Processing Center, School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100729435","display_name":"Haopeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1981-8307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haopeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Media, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","Image Processing Center, School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Media, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Image Processing Center, School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036886150","display_name":"Danpei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6701-0471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danpei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Media, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","Image Processing Center, School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Media, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Image Processing Center, School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103072099","display_name":"Yuan Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3616-2496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Media, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","Image Processing Center, School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Media, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Image Processing Center, School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100729435"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.7565,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91407303,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"11","first_page":"1198","last_page":"1198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.812363862991333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6764195561408997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-to-end-principle","display_name":"End-to-end principle","score":0.57049560546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5096192359924316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.500727653503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.464434951543808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.45546871423721313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45361071825027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.4464244842529297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.43756601214408875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-network","display_name":"Attention network","score":0.4171743392944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.347810298204422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.28863176703453064}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.812363862991333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6764195561408997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74296488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392","display_name":"End-to-end principle","level":2,"score":0.57049560546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5096192359924316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.500727653503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.464434951543808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.45546871423721313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45361071825027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.4464244842529297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43756601214408875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993807640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103709453","display_name":"Attention network","level":2,"score":0.4171743392944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.347810298204422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.28863176703453064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9111198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111198","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/11/1198/pdf?version=1511425391","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b9b86543b5274a3589a46c514cfe5a5c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b9b86543b5274a3589a46c514cfe5a5c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 9, Iss 11, p 1198 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/9/11/1198/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs9111198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 9; Issue 11; Pages: 1198","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9111198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111198","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/11/1198/pdf?version=1511425391","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2228236926","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61371134","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3103640905","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61501009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G365525761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61501009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G37568934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4439502905","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0501300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4871519633","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61071137","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6293480727","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61501009, 61371134, 61071137","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6639042451","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"134 and 61","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7509551263","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0501302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7679581722","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61371134","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8114646031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016Y","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G824648725","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0501300, 2016YFB0501302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8401194102","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0501300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8924988846","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0501302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327471","display_name":"China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2769756082.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2769756082.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W219040644","https://openalex.org/W1480746830","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1958328135","https://openalex.org/W1963824880","https://openalex.org/W2012273471","https://openalex.org/W2039097087","https://openalex.org/W2043652697","https://openalex.org/W2051936565","https://openalex.org/W2053506196","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2088812222","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2412558220","https://openalex.org/W2462239623","https://openalex.org/W2486449641","https://openalex.org/W2512351403","https://openalex.org/W2552955500","https://openalex.org/W2554425781","https://openalex.org/W2565950292","https://openalex.org/W2577537809","https://openalex.org/W2582523608","https://openalex.org/W2587790406","https://openalex.org/W2603154372","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2620899671","https://openalex.org/W2733535455","https://openalex.org/W2746325398","https://openalex.org/W2755188318","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963516811","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3125782078","https://openalex.org/W6728623438"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2162899405","https://openalex.org/W3113091479","https://openalex.org/W941090075","https://openalex.org/W2044987316","https://openalex.org/W2237480245","https://openalex.org/W3134374554","https://openalex.org/W2519167559","https://openalex.org/W2075065631","https://openalex.org/W4288358396","https://openalex.org/W3091069230"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"convolutional":[1,82],"neural":[2,83],"network":[3,84,148,175],"(CNN)":[4],"achieves":[5],"outstanding":[6],"performance":[7],"in":[8,21,31,57,146,187],"the":[9,17,35,46,50,92,137,150,170,219],"field":[10],"of":[11,16,52,91,102,140],"target":[12],"detection.":[13,87],"As":[14],"one":[15],"most":[18],"typical":[19],"targets":[20],"remote":[22],"sensing":[23],"images":[24],"(RSIs),":[25],"airport":[26,44,86,185,221],"has":[27],"attracted":[28],"increasing":[29],"attention":[30],"recent":[32],"years.":[33],"However,":[34],"essential":[36],"challenge":[37],"for":[38,85,184],"using":[39],"deep":[40],"CNN":[41],"to":[42,63,77,118,133,218],"detect":[43],"is":[45,95,181,193,214],"great":[47],"imbalance":[48],"between":[49],"number":[51,101],"airports":[53],"and":[54,74,105,126,143,156,165,216],"background":[55,201],"examples":[56,104,122],"large-scale":[58],"RSIs,":[59],"which":[60,180],"may":[61],"lead":[62],"over-fitting.":[64],"In":[65],"this":[66],"paper,":[67],"we":[68,111],"develop":[69],"a":[70,79,106,113,128,196],"hard":[71,108,114,121,171],"example":[72,115,172],"mining":[73,116,173],"weight-balanced":[75,130],"strategy":[76],"construct":[78],"novel":[80],"end-to-end":[81],"The":[88,190,206],"initial":[89],"motivation":[90],"proposed":[93,191,212],"method":[94,192,213],"that":[96,210],"backgrounds":[97],"contain":[98],"an":[99],"overwhelming":[100],"easy":[103],"few":[107],"examples.":[109],"Therefore,":[110],"design":[112,139],"layer":[117],"automatically":[119],"select":[120],"by":[123],"their":[124],"losses,":[125],"implement":[127],"new":[129],"loss":[131],"function":[132],"optimize":[134],"CNN.":[135],"Meanwhile,":[136],"cascade":[138],"proposal":[141],"extraction":[142],"object":[144],"detection":[145,186,222],"our":[147,211],"releases":[149],"constraint":[151],"on":[152,195],"input":[153],"image":[154],"size":[155],"reduces":[157],"spurious":[158],"false":[159],"positives.":[160],"Compared":[161],"with":[162,199],"geometric":[163],"characteristics":[164],"low-level":[166],"manually":[167],"designed":[168],"features,":[169,179],"based":[174],"could":[176],"extract":[177],"high-level":[178],"more":[182],"robust":[183],"complex":[188,200],"environment.":[189],"validated":[194],"multi-scale":[197],"dataset":[198],"collected":[202],"from":[203],"Google":[204],"Earth.":[205],"experimental":[207],"results":[208],"demonstrate":[209],"robust,":[215],"superior":[217],"state-of-the-art":[220],"models.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}