{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2768561574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111186","title":"Wave Height Estimation from First-Order Backscatter of a Dual-Frequency High Frequency Radar","display_name":"Wave Height Estimation from First-Order Backscatter of a Dual-Frequency High Frequency Radar","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2768561574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111186","mag":"2768561574"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9111186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111186","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/11/1186/pdf?version=1511010140","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/11/1186/pdf?version=1511010140","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090012410","display_name":"Yingwei Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3450-3688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yingwei Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3450-3688","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060409102","display_name":"Biyang Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-4664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biyang Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087239998","display_name":"Hao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3680-5903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3680-5903","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013833040","display_name":"Caijun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6620-1978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caijun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043059006","display_name":"Jing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1806-6003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090385470","display_name":"Weimin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9622-5041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weimin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Memorial University, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X5, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9622-5041","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Memorial University, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090012410"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.0884,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90405672,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"11","first_page":"1186","last_page":"1186"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6394814848899841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backscatter","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","score":0.6044064164161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5792942047119141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attenuation","display_name":"Attenuation","score":0.5411912202835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wave-height","display_name":"Wave height","score":0.4691039025783539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.42193371057510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.4155423641204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4124453365802765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3683549165725708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3606289029121399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3355908989906311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19860336184501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.18059229850769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.11062315106391907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6394814848899841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.6044064164161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5792942047119141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.5411912202835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70620910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821563","display_name":"Wave height","level":2,"score":0.4691039025783539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.42193371057510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.4155423641204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4124453365802765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3683549165725708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3606289029121399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3355908989906311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19860336184501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.18059229850769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.11062315106391907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9111186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111186","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/11/1186/pdf?version=1511010140","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5364f676f216441ebdf9592eb20ab673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5364f676f216441ebdf9592eb20ab673","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 9, Iss 11, p 1186 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/9/11/1186/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs9111186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9111186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111186","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/11/1186/pdf?version=1511010140","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2486323837","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201205032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334011","funder_display_name":"Ocean Public Welfare Scientific Research Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G617613974","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201205032-3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334011","funder_display_name":"Ocean Public Welfare Scientific Research Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8229053692","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2042016kf0019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334011","display_name":"Ocean Public Welfare Scientific Research Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2768561574.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2768561574.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1511124067","https://openalex.org/W1911535008","https://openalex.org/W1987998205","https://openalex.org/W2003830204","https://openalex.org/W2019894012","https://openalex.org/W2053868237","https://openalex.org/W2065575814","https://openalex.org/W2066394905","https://openalex.org/W2071886089","https://openalex.org/W2086301125","https://openalex.org/W2099317576","https://openalex.org/W2118725385","https://openalex.org/W2124641496","https://openalex.org/W2125062136","https://openalex.org/W2126511594","https://openalex.org/W2136889516","https://openalex.org/W2139494805","https://openalex.org/W2149131108","https://openalex.org/W2150575106","https://openalex.org/W2155892458","https://openalex.org/W2162307459","https://openalex.org/W2166032411","https://openalex.org/W2177502711","https://openalex.org/W2291729162","https://openalex.org/W2344851656","https://openalex.org/W2601845242","https://openalex.org/W6678693306","https://openalex.org/W6680777499"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062605435","https://openalex.org/W2273182195","https://openalex.org/W2186374051","https://openalex.org/W2377963109","https://openalex.org/W2022279172","https://openalex.org/W2352247021","https://openalex.org/W2145835458","https://openalex.org/W2059332403","https://openalex.org/W2066034608","https://openalex.org/W2725785539"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Second-order":[0],"scattering":[1,44,85],"based":[2,86],"wave":[3,50,87,133,152],"height":[4,51,88,153],"measurement":[5],"with":[6,39,78,179],"high-frequency":[7],"(HF)":[8],"radar":[9,92,156],"has":[10,45,107],"always":[11],"been":[12,46,108],"subjected":[13],"to":[14,48,52,76,110,124,146],"problems":[15],"such":[16],"as":[17],"distance":[18,63,160],"limitation":[19],"and":[20,64,81,100,115,120,157,164,175,184],"external":[21],"interference":[22],"especially":[23],"under":[24],"low":[25],"or":[26],"moderate":[27],"sea":[28],"state.":[29],"The":[30,94],"performance":[31],"is":[32,66,74,122],"further":[33],"exacerbated":[34],"for":[35],"a":[36,71],"compact":[37],"system":[38],"small":[40],"antennas.":[41],"First-order":[42],"Bragg":[43,55,84],"investigated":[47],"relate":[49],"the":[53,59,79,83,127,141,169],"stronger":[54],"backscatter,":[56],"but":[57],"calibrating":[58],"echo":[60],"power":[61],"along":[62,113],"direction":[65],"challenging.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69,148],"paper,":[70],"new":[72],"method":[73],"presented":[75],"deal":[77],"calibration":[80],"improve":[82],"estimation":[89],"from":[90],"dual-frequency":[91],"data.":[93],"relative":[95],"difference":[96],"of":[97,118,130,144,151,161,182],"propagation":[98],"attenuation":[99],"directional":[101],"spreading":[102],"between":[103],"two":[104],"operating":[105],"frequencies":[106],"found":[109],"be":[111],"identifiable":[112],"range":[114],"almost":[116],"independent":[117],"direction,":[119],"it":[121],"employed":[123],"effectively":[125],"reduce":[126],"fitting":[128],"requirements":[129],"in":[131],"situ":[132],"buoys.":[134],"A":[135],"20-day":[136],"experiment":[137],"was":[138],"performed":[139],"over":[140],"Taiwan":[142],"Strait":[143],"China":[145],"validate":[147],"method.":[149],"Comparison":[150],"measured":[154],"by":[155],"buoys":[158],"at":[159],"15":[162],"km":[163,166],"70":[165],"shows":[167],"that":[168],"root-mean-square":[170],"errors":[171],"are":[172],"0.34":[173],"m":[174],"0.56":[176],"m,":[177],"respectively,":[178],"correlation":[180],"coefficient":[181],"0.82":[183],"0.84.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}