{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2768931328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111170","title":"Arbitrary-Oriented Vehicle Detection in Aerial Imagery with Single Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"Arbitrary-Oriented Vehicle Detection in Aerial Imagery with Single Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2768931328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111170","mag":"2768931328"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9111170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111170","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101532872","display_name":"Tianyu Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9986-1681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102837714","display_name":"Shilin Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8670-5292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shilin Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019734741","display_name":"Zhipeng Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8582-2040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhipeng Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027874662","display_name":"Lin Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7106-5528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102721853","display_name":"Huanxin Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7702-886X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huanxin Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101532872","https://openalex.org/A5102837714"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":5.7344,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":132,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97619831,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"11","first_page":"1170","last_page":"1170"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8246356248855591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.7723744511604309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7184898257255554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6298733353614807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6276345252990723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5885836482048035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.5305633544921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.4808288812637329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-bounding-box","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","score":0.4727547764778137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43717247247695923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-image","display_name":"Aerial image","score":0.42987293004989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.42404043674468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-imagery","display_name":"Aerial imagery","score":0.41592714190483093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.24943384528160095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08049923181533813}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8246356248855591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.7723744511604309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7184898257255554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6298733353614807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6276345252990723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5885836482048035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.5305633544921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4808288812637329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.4727547764778137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43717247247695923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776429412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688011","display_name":"Aerial image","level":3,"score":0.42987293004989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.42404043674468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987819851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191839","display_name":"Aerial imagery","level":2,"score":0.41592714190483093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.24943384528160095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08049923181533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9111170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:eccae54d7f67486a9536bb530b41aeac","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/eccae54d7f67486a9536bb530b41aeac","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 9, Iss 11, p 1170 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/9/11/1170/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs9111170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9111170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1594676769","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1904073808","https://openalex.org/W1972619302","https://openalex.org/W1988704903","https://openalex.org/W2043552486","https://openalex.org/W2064022862","https://openalex.org/W2066268896","https://openalex.org/W2066916495","https://openalex.org/W2081865073","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2095537868","https://openalex.org/W2096634291","https://openalex.org/W2125556102","https://openalex.org/W2134650809","https://openalex.org/W2176924101","https://openalex.org/W2183182206","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2245000483","https://openalex.org/W2314029052","https://openalex.org/W2343118941","https://openalex.org/W2490270993","https://openalex.org/W2555441839","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2587248218","https://openalex.org/W2612464125","https://openalex.org/W2612465689","https://openalex.org/W2613825824","https://openalex.org/W2621123170","https://openalex.org/W2658040354","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W6639650879","https://openalex.org/W6738492718"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237171675","https://openalex.org/W3036286480","https://openalex.org/W4287027631","https://openalex.org/W3192357901","https://openalex.org/W2387360586","https://openalex.org/W2952736415","https://openalex.org/W3209723314","https://openalex.org/W4396860960","https://openalex.org/W4390482660","https://openalex.org/W4283327355"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicle":[0,163,167,200],"detection":[1,60,68,102,130],"with":[2,70,120,188,203],"orientation":[3,83,184],"estimation":[4],"in":[5,46,169,197],"aerial":[6,47],"images":[7,48,196],"has":[8],"received":[9],"widespread":[10],"interest":[11],"as":[12],"it":[13],"is":[14,21],"important":[15],"for":[16,57,85,137,152],"intelligent":[17],"traffic":[18],"management.":[19],"This":[20],"a":[22,115,204],"challenging":[23],"task,":[24],"not":[25,74],"only":[26,80],"because":[27],"of":[28,36,44,117,185,206],"the":[29,37,41,51,144,149,160,181,186,198],"complex":[30],"background":[31],"and":[32,166,183,191,218],"relatively":[33],"small":[34],"size":[35,205],"target,":[38],"but":[39],"also":[40],"various":[42,121],"orientations":[43],"vehicles":[45],"captured":[49],"from":[50],"top":[52],"view.":[53],"The":[54],"existing":[55],"methods":[56],"oriented":[58,153],"vehicle":[59,187],"need":[61],"several":[62],"post-processing":[63],"steps":[64],"to":[65,99,128,141],"generate":[66,100],"final":[67],"results":[69,103,158],"orientation,":[71],"which":[72,147],"are":[73,135],"efficient":[75],"enough.":[76],"Moreover,":[77],"they":[78],"can":[79,178],"get":[81],"discrete":[82],"information":[84],"each":[86,124,138],"target.":[87],"In":[88],"this":[89],"paper,":[90],"we":[91],"present":[92],"an":[93,227],"end-to-end":[94],"single":[95],"convolutional":[96],"neural":[97],"network":[98],"arbitrarily-oriented":[101],"directly.":[104],"Our":[105],"approach,":[106],"named":[107],"Oriented_SSD":[108],"(Single":[109],"Shot":[110],"MultiBox":[111],"Detector,":[112],"SSD),":[113],"uses":[114],"set":[116],"default":[118,139],"boxes":[119],"scales":[122],"on":[123,159,226],"feature":[125],"map":[126],"location":[127,182],"produce":[129],"bounding":[131,154],"boxes.":[132],"Meanwhile,":[133],"offsets":[134],"predicted":[136],"box":[140],"better":[142],"match":[143],"object":[145],"shape,":[146],"contain":[148],"angle":[150],"parameter":[151],"boxes\u2019":[155],"generation.":[156],"Evaluation":[157],"public":[161],"DLR":[162,199],"Aerial":[164,170,201],"dataset":[165,173,202],"Detection":[168],"Imagery":[171],"(VEDAI)":[172],"demonstrate":[174],"that":[175],"our":[176,211],"method":[177,212],"detect":[179],"both":[180],"high":[189],"accuracy":[190],"fast":[192],"speed.":[193],"For":[194],"test":[195],"5616":[207],"\u00d7":[208],"3744":[209],",":[210],"achieves":[213],"76.1%":[214],"average":[215],"precision":[216],"(AP)":[217],"78.7%":[219],"correct":[220],"direction":[221],"classification":[222],"at":[223],"5.17":[224],"s":[225],"NVIDIA":[228],"GTX-1060.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}