{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2750708049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090921","title":"Self-Learning Based Land-Cover Classification Using Sequential Class Patterns from Past Land-Cover Maps","display_name":"Self-Learning Based Land-Cover Classification Using Sequential Class Patterns from Past Land-Cover Maps","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2750708049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090921","mag":"2750708049"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9090921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090921","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/9/921/pdf?version=1504495065","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/9/921/pdf?version=1504495065","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063715942","display_name":"Yeseul Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeseul Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geoinformatic Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geoinformatic Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024837830","display_name":"No-Wook Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9778-3624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"No-Wook Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geoinformatic Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9778-3624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geoinformatic Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067160084","display_name":"Kyung-Do Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800443534","display_name":"Rural Development Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03xs9yg50","country_code":"KR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800443534","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210090853"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyung-Do Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800443534"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024837830"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.8097,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92087429,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"9","first_page":"921","last_page":"921"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7144907116889954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.7042946219444275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5952244400978088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5508485436439514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5346905589103699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.5238364338874817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47700145840644836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.37219029664993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3698725700378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.31363654136657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1620962917804718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7144907116889954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.7042946219444275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5952244400978088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5508485436439514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5346905589103699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5238364338874817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47700145840644836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37219029664993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3698725700378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.31363654136657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1620962917804718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9090921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090921","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/9/921/pdf?version=1504495065","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8783fe6b80af4ceb8b4dfd7936925e07","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8783fe6b80af4ceb8b4dfd7936925e07","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 9, Iss 9, p 921 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/9/9/921/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs9090921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9090921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090921","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/9/921/pdf?version=1504495065","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322035","display_name":"Rural Development Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03xs9yg50"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2750708049.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2750708049.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1479807131","https://openalex.org/W1510526001","https://openalex.org/W1664950380","https://openalex.org/W1964335437","https://openalex.org/W1964641921","https://openalex.org/W1972691633","https://openalex.org/W1984989304","https://openalex.org/W1992939357","https://openalex.org/W2002678889","https://openalex.org/W2008085934","https://openalex.org/W2008947716","https://openalex.org/W2018636632","https://openalex.org/W2027847412","https://openalex.org/W2029185882","https://openalex.org/W2030165874","https://openalex.org/W2030476695","https://openalex.org/W2048679005","https://openalex.org/W2051165725","https://openalex.org/W2063545471","https://openalex.org/W2074632501","https://openalex.org/W2075046504","https://openalex.org/W2099507093","https://openalex.org/W2101365302","https://openalex.org/W2101926110","https://openalex.org/W2103568877","https://openalex.org/W2107131609","https://openalex.org/W2110910681","https://openalex.org/W2112341432","https://openalex.org/W2112803241","https://openalex.org/W2119363183","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2136504847","https://openalex.org/W2138499468","https://openalex.org/W2140412267","https://openalex.org/W2148603752","https://openalex.org/W2150045166","https://openalex.org/W2154772499","https://openalex.org/W2156203212","https://openalex.org/W2168481151","https://openalex.org/W2169650425","https://openalex.org/W2181403436","https://openalex.org/W2318268925","https://openalex.org/W2320496368","https://openalex.org/W2509132632","https://openalex.org/W2589453516","https://openalex.org/W2903158431","https://openalex.org/W3161229889","https://openalex.org/W4250800088","https://openalex.org/W6630424276","https://openalex.org/W6637241018"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W623607250","https://openalex.org/W2088899772","https://openalex.org/W3133615129","https://openalex.org/W2087854757","https://openalex.org/W2188959887","https://openalex.org/W2373152553","https://openalex.org/W3192667092","https://openalex.org/W4389201442","https://openalex.org/W2386169820","https://openalex.org/W604251607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"improve":[1],"the":[2,65,75,84,120,127,136,144,152,182,200,248,260,287,296],"accuracy":[3,180,191,221],"of":[4,10,29,46,129,164,167,185,208,290,298,300],"classification":[5,101,128,179,202,220],"with":[6,69,269],"a":[7,16,27,52,61,104,205,239],"small":[8,206],"amount":[9,207],"training":[11,94,176,209,271],"data,":[12,95],"this":[13,252],"paper":[14],"presents":[15],"self-learning":[17],"approach":[18,262],"that":[19,142],"defines":[20],"class":[21,54,79],"labels":[22,80,146],"from":[23,42,74,119,149],"sequential":[24,43],"patterns":[25,45],"using":[26,195,204,224,242],"series":[28],"past":[30,35,121,150,168,276,291],"land-cover":[31,36,277,292],"maps.":[32,278],"By":[33],"stacking":[34],"maps,":[37],"unique":[38],"sequence":[39],"rule":[40],"information":[41],"change":[44],"land-covers":[47],"is":[48,57,107,140],"first":[49],"generated,":[50],"and":[51,114,181,228,233,294],"rule-based":[53,78,145,301],"label":[55],"image":[56],"then":[58,97],"prepared":[59],"for":[60,126,251],"given":[62,284],"time.":[63],"After":[64],"most":[66],"informative":[67,154,173],"pixels":[68,90,155,174],"high":[70],"uncertainty":[71],"are":[72,81,91,124,147],"selected":[73,85],"initial":[76,201],"classification,":[77],"assigned":[82],"to":[83,93,175,199,267,275,285],"pixels.":[86],"These":[87],"newly":[88],"labeled":[89,153,172],"added":[92],"which":[96],"undergo":[98],"an":[99],"iterative":[100],"process":[102],"until":[103],"stopping":[105],"criterion":[106],"reached.":[108],"Time-series":[109],"MODIS":[110],"NDVI":[111],"data":[112,116,177,272],"sets":[113],"cropland":[115],"layers":[117],"(CDLs)":[118],"five":[122],"years":[123],"used":[125],"various":[130],"crop":[131],"types":[132],"in":[133,189],"Kansas.":[134],"From":[135,238],"experiment":[137,258],"results,":[138,259],"it":[139],"found":[141],"once":[143],"derived":[148],"CDLs,":[151,169,197],"could":[156,263],"be":[157,264,283],"properly":[158],"defined":[159],"without":[160],"analyst":[161],"intervention.":[162],"Regardless":[163],"different":[165],"combinations":[166],"adding":[170],"these":[171,257],"increased":[178],"maximum":[183,229],"improvement":[184],"8.34":[186],"percentage":[187,235],"points":[188],"overall":[190],"was":[192,247],"achieved":[193],"when":[194,223],"three":[196,214,243],"compared":[198],"result":[203],"data.":[210],"Using":[211],"more":[212],"than":[213,222],"consecutive":[215],"CDLs":[216,226,246],"showed":[217],"slightly":[218],"better":[219],"two":[225],"(minimum":[227],"increases":[230],"were":[231],"1.56":[232],"2.82":[234],"points,":[236],"respectively).":[237],"practical":[240],"viewpoint,":[241],"or":[244],"four":[245],"best":[249],"choice":[250],"study":[253],"area.":[254],"Based":[255],"on":[256],"presented":[261],"applied":[265],"effectively":[266],"areas":[268],"insufficient":[270],"but":[273],"access":[274],"However,":[279],"further":[280],"consideration":[281],"should":[282],"select":[286],"optimal":[288],"number":[289],"maps":[293],"reduce":[295],"impact":[297],"errors":[299],"labels.":[302]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}