{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2752822096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090920","title":"Understanding How Low-Level Clouds and Fog Modify the Diurnal Cycle of Orographic Precipitation Using In Situ and Satellite Observations","display_name":"Understanding How Low-Level Clouds and Fog Modify the Diurnal Cycle of Orographic Precipitation Using In Situ and Satellite Observations","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2752822096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090920","mag":"2752822096"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9090920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090920","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/9/920/pdf?version=1504337893","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/9/920/pdf?version=1504337893","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087720106","display_name":"Yajuan Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8072-4310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yajuan Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037688233","display_name":"Ana P. Barros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4606-3106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ana Barros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037688233"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.5391,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8186215,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"9","first_page":"920","last_page":"920"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.7412099838256836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orographic-lift","display_name":"Orographic lift","score":0.7009325623512268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.5510384440422058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.5456552505493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diurnal-cycle","display_name":"Diurnal cycle","score":0.513412356376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.48381727933883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drizzle","display_name":"Drizzle","score":0.4528941512107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-height","display_name":"Cloud height","score":0.4459357261657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-top","display_name":"Cloud top","score":0.42315608263015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.39536967873573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-cover","display_name":"Cloud cover","score":0.3656174838542938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3089895248413086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.26441770792007446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.10269907116889954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10044220089912415}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7412099838256836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134295995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1506685","display_name":"Orographic lift","level":3,"score":0.7009325623512268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.5510384440422058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.5456552505493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63991900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469559","display_name":"Diurnal cycle","level":2,"score":0.513412356376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.48381727933883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63984324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211521","display_name":"Drizzle","level":3,"score":0.4528941512107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142773270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1810412","display_name":"Cloud height","level":4,"score":0.4459357261657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199194280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3268898","display_name":"Cloud top","level":3,"score":0.42315608263015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.39536967873573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206887242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830457","display_name":"Cloud cover","level":3,"score":0.3656174838542938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3089895248413086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.26441770792007446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.10269907116889954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10044220089912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9090920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090920","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/9/920/pdf?version=1504337893","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ce193a8bfcf541a38551a4582a72626a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ce193a8bfcf541a38551a4582a72626a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 9, Iss 9, p 920 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/9/9/920/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs9090920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 9; Issue 9; Pages: 920","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9090920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090920","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/9/920/pdf?version=1504337893","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2565618545","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNX16AM28G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7795287938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNX13AH39G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2752822096.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2752822096.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W173319286","https://openalex.org/W1557191394","https://openalex.org/W1613795631","https://openalex.org/W1792023484","https://openalex.org/W1804583703","https://openalex.org/W1976580360","https://openalex.org/W1980764896","https://openalex.org/W1983186029","https://openalex.org/W1984792030","https://openalex.org/W1984981544","https://openalex.org/W1991488139","https://openalex.org/W1993997093","https://openalex.org/W1996773873","https://openalex.org/W2001489127","https://openalex.org/W2005192947","https://openalex.org/W2009591809","https://openalex.org/W2010078634","https://openalex.org/W2013344607","https://openalex.org/W2013689051","https://openalex.org/W2017183704","https://openalex.org/W2037444990","https://openalex.org/W2040525959","https://openalex.org/W2042090522","https://openalex.org/W2042321030","https://openalex.org/W2047432213","https://openalex.org/W2047804122","https://openalex.org/W2051774590","https://openalex.org/W2056037554","https://openalex.org/W2061008992","https://openalex.org/W2071889532","https://openalex.org/W2072814645","https://openalex.org/W2075220583","https://openalex.org/W2075551353","https://openalex.org/W2076321058","https://openalex.org/W2083618481","https://openalex.org/W2088514945","https://openalex.org/W2089178461","https://openalex.org/W2096548910","https://openalex.org/W2102293625","https://openalex.org/W2103777104","https://openalex.org/W2110953532","https://openalex.org/W2113451090","https://openalex.org/W2114756749","https://openalex.org/W2114836436","https://openalex.org/W2122531384","https://openalex.org/W2123306388","https://openalex.org/W2126794769","https://openalex.org/W2127657288","https://openalex.org/W2133326900","https://openalex.org/W2134440044","https://openalex.org/W2144991971","https://openalex.org/W2149890601","https://openalex.org/W2152488719","https://openalex.org/W2152703640","https://openalex.org/W2155165532","https://openalex.org/W2165869306","https://openalex.org/W2168158289","https://openalex.org/W2168333701","https://openalex.org/W2179079380","https://openalex.org/W2316552355","https://openalex.org/W2540743583","https://openalex.org/W2593940065","https://openalex.org/W6652780469","https://openalex.org/W6653948947","https://openalex.org/W6669202318","https://openalex.org/W6671549762","https://openalex.org/W6672783995"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4241593097","https://openalex.org/W2978818287","https://openalex.org/W4246394285","https://openalex.org/W2011293781","https://openalex.org/W2099599891","https://openalex.org/W158770413","https://openalex.org/W3096254371","https://openalex.org/W2102790171","https://openalex.org/W2143411888","https://openalex.org/W2794795709"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Satellite":[0,140],"orographic":[1],"precipitation":[2],"estimates":[3,132],"exhibit":[4],"large":[5,95],"errors":[6],"with":[7,204],"space-time":[8],"structure":[9],"tied":[10],"to":[11,52,112,128,183,254,260,279],"landform.":[12],"Observations":[13],"in":[14,97,105,116,178,283],"the":[15,61,98,106,155,165,179,200,261],"Southern":[16],"Appalachian":[17],"Mountains":[18],"(SAM)":[19],"suggest":[20],"that":[21,54],"low-level":[22],"clouds":[23],"and":[24,37,80,110,137,142,190,209,215,236,257,270],"fog":[25,47],"(LLCF)":[26],"amplify":[27],"mid-day":[28,262],"rainfall":[29,42,117],"via":[30],"seeder-feeder":[31],"interactions":[32],"(SFI)":[33],"at":[34,151,186,272],"both":[35],"high":[36,152],"low":[38,273],"elevations.":[39],"Here,":[40],"a":[41,94,113,120,195,276],"microphysics":[43,269],"model":[44],"constrained":[45],"by":[46,66],"observations":[48,125],"was":[49,126],"used":[50],"first":[51],"reveal":[53,145],"fast":[55],"SFI":[56,271],"(2\u20135":[57],"min":[58],"time-scales)":[59],"modify":[60],"rain":[62],"drop":[63],"size":[64,103],"distributions":[65],"increasing":[67],"coalescence":[68,79],"efficiency":[69],"among":[70],"small":[71,219],"drops":[72,86],"(&lt;0.7":[73],"mm":[74,88,108],"diameter),":[75],"whereas":[76,247],"competition":[77],"between":[78],"filament-only":[81],"breakup":[82],"dominates":[83],"for":[84],"larger":[85],"(3\u20135":[87],"diameter).":[89],"The":[90,157,264],"net":[91],"result":[92],"is":[93],"increase":[96,115],"number":[99],"concentrations":[100],"of":[101,123,199,221,267],"intermediate":[102],"raindrops":[104],"0.7\u20133":[107],"range":[109],"up":[111],"ten-fold":[114],"intensity.":[118],"Next,":[119],"10-year":[121],"climatology":[122,162],"satellite":[124],"developed":[127],"map":[129],"LLCF.":[130],"Combined":[131],"from":[133,164,212],"CALIPSO":[134],"(Cloud-Aerosol":[135],"Lidar":[136],"Infrared":[138],"Pathfinder":[139],"Observations)":[141],"CloudSat":[143],"products":[144],"persistent":[146],"shallower":[147],"cloud":[148,159,224,245],"base":[149],"heights":[150],"elevations":[153],"enveloping":[154],"terrain.":[156],"regional":[158],"top":[160,246],"height":[161],"derived":[163],"MODIS":[166,214],"(Moderate":[167],"Resolution":[168],"Imaging":[169],"Spectroradiometer)":[170],"shows":[171],"high-frequency":[172],"daytime":[173],"LLCF":[174,192,268],"over":[175],"mountain":[176],"ridges":[177],"warm":[180],"season":[181],"shifting":[182],"river":[184],"valleys":[185],"nighttime.":[187],"In":[188],"fall":[189],"winter,":[191],"patterns":[193],"define":[194],"cloud-shadow":[196],"region":[197],"east":[198],"continental":[201],"divide,":[202],"consistent":[203],"downwind":[205],"rain-shadow":[206],"effects.":[207],"Optical":[208],"microphysical":[210],"properties":[211],"collocated":[213],"ground":[216],"ceilometers":[217],"indicate":[218],"values":[220],"vertically":[222],"integrated":[223],"water":[225],"path":[226],"(CWP":[227],"&lt;":[228,234,241],"100":[229],"g/m2),":[230],"optical":[231],"thickness":[232],"(COT":[233],"15),":[235],"particle":[237],"effective":[238],"radius":[239],"(CER)":[240],"15":[242],"\u03bcm":[243,252,256],"near":[244],"surface":[248],"observed":[249],"CER":[250],"~25":[251],"changes":[253],"~150":[255],"higher":[258],"prior":[259],"rainfall.":[263],"vertical":[265],"stratification":[266],"levels":[274],"pose":[275],"significant":[277],"challenge":[278],"satellite-based":[280],"remote":[281],"sensing":[282],"complex":[284],"topography.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2017-09-15T00:00:00"}
