{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2734585514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9070731","title":"Continued Reforestation and Urban Expansion in the New Century of a Tropical Island in the Caribbean","display_name":"Continued Reforestation and Urban Expansion in the New Century of a Tropical Island in the Caribbean","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2734585514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9070731","mag":"2734585514"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9070731","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9070731","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/7/731/pdf?version=1500216697","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/7/731/pdf?version=1500216697","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406854","display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5170-1710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1662191","display_name":"University of Puerto Rico at R\u00edo Piedras","ror":"https://ror.org/0453v4r20","country_code":"PR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1662191","https://openalex.org/I200399037"]}],"countries":["PR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan, PR 00936, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5170-1710","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan, PR 00936, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1662191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102018203","display_name":"Mei Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0283-9649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1662191","display_name":"University of Puerto Rico at R\u00edo Piedras","ror":"https://ror.org/0453v4r20","country_code":"PR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1662191","https://openalex.org/I200399037"]}],"countries":["PR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mei Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan, PR 00936, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan, PR 00936, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1662191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101936606","display_name":"Qiong Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4815-1038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1662191","display_name":"University of Puerto Rico at R\u00edo Piedras","ror":"https://ror.org/0453v4r20","country_code":"PR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1662191","https://openalex.org/I200399037"]}],"countries":["PR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiong Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan, PR 00936, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan, PR 00936, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1662191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102018203"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1662191"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.3307,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79381364,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"7","first_page":"731","last_page":"731"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reforestation","display_name":"Reforestation","score":0.935664176940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deforestation","display_name":"Deforestation (computer science)","score":0.8878982067108154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tropics","display_name":"Tropics","score":0.6550472974777222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.565325915813446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.5639148354530334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shifting-cultivation","display_name":"Shifting cultivation","score":0.5147655010223389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-cover","display_name":"Forest cover","score":0.48260200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.41461366415023804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agroforestry","display_name":"Agroforestry","score":0.39853399991989136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.3966812789440155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.3844236731529236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3809105157852173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.34309646487236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.31797224283218384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.161322683095932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.06500285863876343}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154575652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815818","display_name":"Reforestation","level":2,"score":0.935664176940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777399953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155658","display_name":"Deforestation (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.8878982067108154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50660011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42530","display_name":"Tropics","level":2,"score":0.6550472974777222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.565325915813446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5639148354530334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141005173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287854","display_name":"Shifting cultivation","level":3,"score":0.5147655010223389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986088632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4259364","display_name":"Forest cover","level":2,"score":0.48260200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.41461366415023804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.39853399991989136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.3966812789440155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.3844236731529236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3809105157852173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.34309646487236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.31797224283218384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.161322683095932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.06500285863876343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9070731","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9070731","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/7/731/pdf?version=1500216697","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:22969ccb29ea4d818a69489814175ff8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/22969ccb29ea4d818a69489814175ff8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 9, Iss 7, p 731 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/9/7/731/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs9070731","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 9; Issue 7; Pages: 731","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9070731","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9070731","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/7/731/pdf?version=1500216697","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4153341304","display_name":"LAND USE / LAND COVER CHANGES HAVE PROFOUND INFLUENCES ON THE FUNCTIONS OF COUPLED NATURAL AND HUMAN SYSTEMS. ALTHOUGH DEFORESTATION HAS BEEN A MAJO","funder_award_id":"NNX12AE98G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2734585514.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1472517506","https://openalex.org/W1964011400","https://openalex.org/W1973719386","https://openalex.org/W1974092530","https://openalex.org/W1981213426","https://openalex.org/W1985154454","https://openalex.org/W1988032609","https://openalex.org/W1992529875","https://openalex.org/W1993524623","https://openalex.org/W1995986620","https://openalex.org/W2007230083","https://openalex.org/W2014187500","https://openalex.org/W2022204818","https://openalex.org/W2022224360","https://openalex.org/W2028240797","https://openalex.org/W2046788667","https://openalex.org/W2051721130","https://openalex.org/W2094663502","https://openalex.org/W2094738700","https://openalex.org/W2099244723","https://openalex.org/W2124070575","https://openalex.org/W2127070009","https://openalex.org/W2129920251","https://openalex.org/W2131237392","https://openalex.org/W2131357183","https://openalex.org/W2133081420","https://openalex.org/W2136873865","https://openalex.org/W2137542121","https://openalex.org/W2139086914","https://openalex.org/W2151456308","https://openalex.org/W2151610277","https://openalex.org/W2153059295","https://openalex.org/W2153820558","https://openalex.org/W2156665896","https://openalex.org/W2159633058","https://openalex.org/W2162348455","https://openalex.org/W2163145738","https://openalex.org/W2174296078","https://openalex.org/W2179685623","https://openalex.org/W2196451352","https://openalex.org/W2199321793","https://openalex.org/W2272473773","https://openalex.org/W2334094899","https://openalex.org/W2554323586","https://openalex.org/W2583091221","https://openalex.org/W2603182649","https://openalex.org/W2735021789","https://openalex.org/W2799603522","https://openalex.org/W2884496657","https://openalex.org/W4299864355","https://openalex.org/W6674804676","https://openalex.org/W6687780495"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3111799334","https://openalex.org/W2044080937","https://openalex.org/W2431490539","https://openalex.org/W2582594048","https://openalex.org/W42449317","https://openalex.org/W2470976855","https://openalex.org/W2734585514","https://openalex.org/W4390129191","https://openalex.org/W2272762735","https://openalex.org/W3008652403"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"and":[1,17,35,67,80,147,168,186,221,230,239,276],"timely":[2],"monitoring":[3],"of":[4,47,85,88,113,117,127,141,144,160,232],"tropical":[5],"land":[6],"cover/use":[7],"(LCLU)":[8],"changes":[9],"is":[10,164],"urgent":[11],"due":[12,58],"to":[13,56,59,65,81,105,209,268],"the":[14,29,32,44,60,70,74,78,83,92,97,102,114,118,125,131,139,148,192,196,200,222,228,233,256,264,271,274],"rapid":[15],"deforestation/reforestation":[16],"its":[18],"impact":[19],"on":[20],"global":[21],"land-atmosphere":[22],"interaction.":[23],"However,":[24,199],"persistent":[25],"cloud":[26,180],"cover":[27,202],"in":[28,39,77,91,108,191,206,211,219,227,244,270,273],"tropics":[30,79],"imposes":[31],"greatest":[33],"challenge":[34],"retards":[36],"LCLU":[37,75,142],"mapping":[38,76,143,161],"mountainous":[40],"areas":[41],"such":[42],"as":[43,170,172],"tropic":[45],"island":[46,234],"Puerto":[48,89,145],"Rico,":[49,146],"where":[50,235],"forest":[51,86,201,278],"transition":[52,87],"changed":[53],"from":[54,63,153],"deforestation":[55,214,253],"reforestation":[57,223,250],"economy":[61],"shift":[62],"agriculture":[64],"industry":[66],"service":[68],"after":[69],"1940s.":[71],"To":[72],"improve":[73],"evaluate":[82],"trend":[84],"Rico":[90],"new":[93,193],"century,":[94],"we":[95],"integrated":[96],"optical":[98,176],"Landsat":[99,132],"images":[100],"with":[101,130,174],"L-band":[103],"SAR":[104,119,128,156,163],"map":[106],"LC":[107],"2010":[109],"by":[110,162,179,217],"taking":[111],"advantage":[112],"cloud-penetrating":[115],"ability":[116],"signals.":[120],"The":[121,158,213],"results":[122],"showed":[123],"that":[124,210,249,269],"incorporation":[126],"data":[129,133,177],"significantly,":[134],"although":[135],"not":[136],"substantially,":[137],"enhanced":[138],"accuracy":[140],"Kappa":[149],"statistic":[150],"reached":[151],"90.5%":[152],"88.4%":[154],"without":[155],"data.":[157],"enhancement":[159],"important":[165],"for":[166],"urban":[167,187],"forest,":[169],"well":[171],"locations":[173],"limited":[175],"caused":[178,240],"cover.":[181],"We":[182,246],"found":[183,248],"both":[184],"forests":[185],"lands":[188],"continued":[189],"expanding":[190],"century":[194],"despite":[195],"declining":[197],"population.":[198],"change":[203],"slowed":[204],"down":[205],"2000\u20132010":[207],"compared":[208,267],"1991\u20132000.":[212],"rate":[215],"reduced":[216],"42.1%":[218],"2000\u20132010,":[220],"was":[224,260],"mostly":[225],"located":[226],"east":[229],"southeast":[231],"Hurricane":[236],"Georges":[237],"landed":[238],"severe":[241],"vegetation":[242],"damage":[243],"1998.":[245],"also":[247],"increased,":[251],"but":[252],"decreased":[254],"along":[255],"topography":[257],"slope.":[258],"Reforestation":[259],"much":[261],"higher":[262],"within":[263],"protected":[265],"area":[266],"surroundings":[272],"wet":[275],"moist":[277],"zones.":[279]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
