{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2729999264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9070700","title":"Mapping Typical Urban LULC from Landsat Imagery without Training Samples or Self-Defined Parameters","display_name":"Mapping Typical Urban LULC from Landsat Imagery without Training Samples or Self-Defined Parameters","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2729999264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9070700","mag":"2729999264"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9070700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9070700","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/7/700/pdf?version=1499427867","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/7/700/pdf?version=1499427867","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100423876","display_name":"Hui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2920-8409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Geological Process and Mineral Resources, Planetary Science Institute, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Geological Process and Mineral Resources, Planetary Science Institute, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078548585","display_name":"Cuizhen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0306-9535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cuizhen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, 709 Bull St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, 709 Bull St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002081706","display_name":"Cheng Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2135-2959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Three Gorges Research Center for Geo-Hazard, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Three Gorges Research Center for Geo-Hazard, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100410689","display_name":"Zhi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3684-7882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geophysics &amp; Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geophysics &amp; Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101501129","display_name":"Qingbin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2687-9514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingbin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Three Gorges Research Center for Geo-Hazard, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Three Gorges Research Center for Geo-Hazard, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002081706","https://openalex.org/A5100410689"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.0054,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85948045,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"7","first_page":"700","last_page":"700"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7008036375045776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.6436878442764282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5154739022254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4990696907043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4764416813850403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38465070724487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.33204323053359985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1367131471633911}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7008036375045776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.6436878442764282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5154739022254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4990696907043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4764416813850403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38465070724487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.33204323053359985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1367131471633911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9070700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9070700","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/7/700/pdf?version=1499427867","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarcommons.sc.edu:geog_facpub-1210","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/geog_facpub/209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401386","display_name":"Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","host_organization_name":"University of South Carolina","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarcommons.sc.edu:geog_facpub-1225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/geog_facpub/223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401386","display_name":"Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","host_organization_name":"University of South Carolina","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3236062571b54117b35105277221607a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3236062571b54117b35105277221607a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 9, Iss 7, p 700 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/9/7/700/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs9070700","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 9; Issue 7; Pages: 700","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9070700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9070700","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/7/700/pdf?version=1499427867","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1979540081","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201706","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3476309597","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017060","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327063","display_name":"National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04z3map19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334926","display_name":"China Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/04wtq2305"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2729999264.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2729999264.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W63307137","https://openalex.org/W1514597007","https://openalex.org/W1649039142","https://openalex.org/W1964217023","https://openalex.org/W1968833191","https://openalex.org/W1974015592","https://openalex.org/W1978617972","https://openalex.org/W1986738039","https://openalex.org/W1987895342","https://openalex.org/W1996534964","https://openalex.org/W1998281138","https://openalex.org/W2002078957","https://openalex.org/W2007365958","https://openalex.org/W2014555541","https://openalex.org/W2017414772","https://openalex.org/W2019721815","https://openalex.org/W2026942553","https://openalex.org/W2030724333","https://openalex.org/W2040218731","https://openalex.org/W2044609898","https://openalex.org/W2047504510","https://openalex.org/W2060041035","https://openalex.org/W2063623478","https://openalex.org/W2066978410","https://openalex.org/W2067290322","https://openalex.org/W2071312594","https://openalex.org/W2073622678","https://openalex.org/W2076186394","https://openalex.org/W2077509829","https://openalex.org/W2082819436","https://openalex.org/W2083715815","https://openalex.org/W2094363096","https://openalex.org/W2094677081","https://openalex.org/W2095483845","https://openalex.org/W2101678239","https://openalex.org/W2152239399","https://openalex.org/W2165533198","https://openalex.org/W2165930470","https://openalex.org/W2172120354","https://openalex.org/W2186043598","https://openalex.org/W2315702301","https://openalex.org/W2321715271","https://openalex.org/W2329687238","https://openalex.org/W2502041161","https://openalex.org/W2515106311","https://openalex.org/W2527347850","https://openalex.org/W2590981905","https://openalex.org/W2591659917","https://openalex.org/W4229830429","https://openalex.org/W6602565795"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1537861260","https://openalex.org/W2049864679","https://openalex.org/W3133615129","https://openalex.org/W2087854757","https://openalex.org/W2188959887","https://openalex.org/W2373152553","https://openalex.org/W3192667092","https://openalex.org/W4389201442","https://openalex.org/W2386169820","https://openalex.org/W604251607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0],"use/land":[1],"cover":[2],"(LULC)":[3],"change":[4],"is":[5,149],"one":[6],"of":[7,68,141],"the":[8,14,19,40,77,99,102,120,127,146,160,163],"most":[9,28],"important":[10],"indicators":[11],"in":[12,47],"understanding":[13],"interactions":[15],"between":[16],"humans":[17],"and":[18,152,165],"environment.":[20],"Traditionally,":[21],"when":[22],"LULC":[23,59,86,100],"maps":[24],"are":[25],"produced":[26],"yearly,":[27],"existing":[29],"remote-sensing":[30,169],"methods":[31],"have":[32,42],"to":[33,43,57,83,97,137,155],"collect":[34],"ground":[35],"reference":[36],"data":[37,170],"annually,":[38],"as":[39],"classifiers":[41],"be":[44,173],"trained":[45],"individually":[46],"each":[48],"corresponding":[49],"year.":[50],"This":[51],"study":[52,143],"presented":[53],"a":[54,91,110,150],"novel":[55,71],"strategy":[56,148],"map":[58],"classes":[60],"without":[61,106],"training":[62],"samples":[63,116],"or":[64],"assigning":[65,107],"parameters.":[66],"First":[67],"all,":[69],"several":[70],"indices":[72],"were":[73,81],"carefully":[74],"selected":[75],"from":[76,101,119],"index":[78,104],"pool,":[79],"which":[80],"able":[82],"highlight":[84],"certain":[85],"very":[87],"well.":[88],"Following":[89],"this,":[90],"common":[92],"unsupervised":[93,121],"classifier":[94],"was":[95,113],"employed":[96],"extract":[98],"associated":[103],"image":[105],"thresholds.":[108],"Finally,":[109],"supervised":[111],"classification":[112,122],"implemented":[114],"with":[115],"automatically":[117],"collected":[118],"outputs.":[123],"Results":[124],"illustrated":[125],"that":[126,145],"proposed":[128,147,161],"method":[129],"could":[130,172],"achieve":[131],"satisfactory":[132],"performance,":[133],"reaching":[134],"similar":[135],"accuracies":[136],"traditional":[138],"approaches.":[139],"Findings":[140],"this":[142],"demonstrate":[144],"simple":[151],"effective":[153],"alternative":[154],"mapping":[156],"urban":[157],"LULC.":[158],"With":[159],"strategy,":[162],"budget":[164],"time":[166],"required":[167],"for":[168],"processing":[171],"reduced":[174],"dramatically.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
