{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2606788270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9040368","title":"Segment-before-Detect: Vehicle Detection and Classification through Semantic Segmentation of Aerial Images","display_name":"Segment-before-Detect: Vehicle Detection and Classification through Semantic Segmentation of Aerial Images","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2606788270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9040368","mag":"2606788270"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9040368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9040368","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/4/368/pdf?version=1492143772","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/4/368/pdf?version=1492143772","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070273069","display_name":"Nicolas Audebert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6486-3102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802519937","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires","ror":"https://ror.org/00myn0z94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801658355","display_name":"Office National d'\u00c9tudes et de Recherches A\u00e9rospatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/005y2ap84","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801658355"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Audebert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires (IRISA), University Bretagne Sud, UMR 6074, F-56000 Vannes, France","ONERA, The French Aerospace Lab, F-91761 Palaiseau, France","ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab [Palaiseau] (F-91761 Palaiseau - France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires (IRISA), University Bretagne Sud, UMR 6074, F-56000 Vannes, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802519937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ONERA, The French Aerospace Lab, F-91761 Palaiseau, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801658355"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab [Palaiseau] (F-91761 Palaiseau - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801658355"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067965505","display_name":"Bertrand Le Saux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7162-6746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801658355","display_name":"Office National d'\u00c9tudes et de Recherches A\u00e9rospatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/005y2ap84","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801658355"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bertrand Le Saux","raw_affiliation_strings":["ONERA, The French Aerospace Lab, F-91761 Palaiseau, France","ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab [Palaiseau] (F-91761 Palaiseau - France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ONERA, The French Aerospace Lab, F-91761 Palaiseau, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801658355"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab [Palaiseau] (F-91761 Palaiseau - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801658355"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024171000","display_name":"S\u00e9bastien Lef\u00e8vre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-8202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802519937","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires","ror":"https://ror.org/00myn0z94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S\u00e9bastien Lef\u00e8vre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires (IRISA), University Bretagne Sud, UMR 6074, F-56000 Vannes, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires (IRISA), University Bretagne Sud, UMR 6074, F-56000 Vannes, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802519937"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070273069"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801658355","https://openalex.org/I2802519937"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":11.3778,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":277,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98949242,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"368","last_page":"368"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8197231292724609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7425243854522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7283883094787598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7283848524093628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5907819271087646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5891269445419312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5430291891098022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.4581209421157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4207169711589813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.42032840847969055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3480474352836609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.20258411765098572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07852748036384583}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8197231292724609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7425243854522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7283883094787598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7283848524093628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5907819271087646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5891269445419312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5430291891098022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.4581209421157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4207169711589813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.42032840847969055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3480474352836609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.20258411765098572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07852748036384583}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9040368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9040368","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/4/368/pdf?version=1492143772","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-01529624v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-01529624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, 2017, 9 (4), page 1-18. ⟨10.3390/rs9040368⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/9/4/368/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs9040368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 9; Issue 4; Pages: 368","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9040368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9040368","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/4/368/pdf?version=1492143772","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336050","display_name":"Office National d'\u00e9tudes et de Recherches A\u00e9rospatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/005y2ap84"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2606788270.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2606788270.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1594039573","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1745334888","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1909515874","https://openalex.org/W1910657905","https://openalex.org/W1912954554","https://openalex.org/W1923697677","https://openalex.org/W1996663388","https://openalex.org/W2007862147","https://openalex.org/W2020445192","https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2066916495","https://openalex.org/W2088805832","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2102673432","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2113047428","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2124592697","https://openalex.org/W2137545869","https://openalex.org/W2143545080","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2166328474","https://openalex.org/W2176924101","https://openalex.org/W2182119704","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2216125271","https://openalex.org/W2241288857","https://openalex.org/W2253590344","https://openalex.org/W2410303706","https://openalex.org/W2469938794","https://openalex.org/W2488187315","https://openalex.org/W2513504913","https://openalex.org/W2514386985","https://openalex.org/W2525293101","https://openalex.org/W2525777026","https://openalex.org/W2527276685","https://openalex.org/W2548390752","https://openalex.org/W2949295283","https://openalex.org/W2952637581","https://openalex.org/W2962676885","https://openalex.org/W3154664134","https://openalex.org/W4288076010","https://openalex.org/W6674330103"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3183901164","https://openalex.org/W4206357785","https://openalex.org/W4281381188","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3192840557","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3135818718","https://openalex.org/W4290188444"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Like":[0],"computer":[1],"vision":[2],"before,":[3],"remote":[4,87],"sensing":[5,88],"has":[6],"been":[7],"radically":[8],"changed":[9],"by":[10,198],"the":[11,112,161,165,172,208,213,227,236],"introduction":[12],"of":[13,78,81,105,114,134,148,183,210],"deep":[14,38,126,156],"learning":[15,127],"and,":[16],"more":[17,34,36],"notably,":[18],"Convolution":[19],"Neural":[20,220],"Networks.":[21],"Land":[22],"cover":[23],"classification,":[24],"object":[25,95,140],"detection":[26,75,96,141,197],"and":[27,35,73,76,97,109,164,169,230],"scene":[28],"understanding":[29],"in":[30,84,212],"aerial":[31],"images":[32],"rely":[33],"on":[37,99,160,226],"networks":[39],"to":[40,93,110,123,179,194,206,222,234],"achieve":[41],"new":[42],"state-of-the-art":[43],"results.":[44],"Recent":[45],"architectures":[46],"such":[47,115],"as":[48,138,145],"Fully":[49],"Convolutional":[50,219],"Networks":[51],"can":[52,142,176],"even":[53],"produce":[54],"pixel":[55],"level":[56],"annotations":[57],"for":[58,71,131],"semantic":[59,150,174],"mapping.":[60],"In":[61],"this":[62],"work,":[63],"we":[64,121,153,186,216,241],"present":[65],"a":[66,100,116,146,155,218],"deep-learning":[67],"based":[68],"segment-before-detect":[69],"method":[70],"segmentation":[72,182],"subsequent":[74],"classification":[77,98,225],"several":[79],"varieties":[80],"wheeled":[82],"vehicles":[83,211],"high":[85],"resolution":[86],"images.":[89],"This":[90,203],"allows":[91,204],"us":[92,205],"investigate":[94],"complex":[101],"dataset":[102],"made":[103],"up":[104],"visually":[106],"similar":[107],"classes,":[108],"demonstrate":[111],"relevance":[113],"subclass":[117],"modeling":[118],"approach.":[119],"Especially,":[120],"want":[122],"show":[124,170,187],"that":[125,188,240],"is":[128],"also":[129],"suitable":[130],"object-oriented":[132],"analysis":[133],"Earth":[135],"Observation":[136],"data":[137],"effective":[139],"be":[143,177],"obtained":[144],"byproduct":[147],"accurate":[149,192],"segmentation.":[151],"First,":[152],"train":[154,217],"fully":[157],"convolutional":[158],"network":[159],"ISPRS":[162],"Potsdam":[163],"NZAM/ONERA":[166],"Christchurch":[167],"datasets":[168],"how":[171],"learnt":[173],"maps":[175,190],"used":[178],"extract":[180],"precise":[181],"vehicles.":[184],"Then,":[185],"those":[189],"are":[191],"enough":[193],"perform":[195,223],"vehicle":[196,224,238],"simple":[199],"connected":[200],"component":[201],"extraction.":[202],"study":[207],"repartition":[209],"city.":[214],"Finally,":[215],"Network":[221],"VEDAI":[228],"dataset,":[229],"transfer":[231],"its":[232],"knowledge":[233],"classify":[235],"individual":[237],"instances":[239],"detected.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2017-04-28T00:00:00"}