{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2604422450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9040346","title":"Modelling Seasonal GWR of Daily PM2.5 with Proper Auxiliary Variables for the Yangtze River Delta","display_name":"Modelling Seasonal GWR of Daily PM2.5 with Proper Auxiliary Variables for the Yangtze River Delta","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2604422450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9040346","mag":"2604422450"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9040346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9040346","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/4/346/pdf?version=1491388160","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/4/346/pdf?version=1491388160","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101472070","display_name":"Man Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0568-2285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Man Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050009113","display_name":"Weiwei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3399-7858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weiwei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China","State Key Lab of Information Engineering on Survey, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of Information Engineering on Survey, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074018705","display_name":"Gang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7001-2037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078349962","display_name":"Dianfa Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dianfa Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050009113"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558","https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":3.186,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91963366,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"346","last_page":"346"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yangtze-river","display_name":"Yangtze river","score":0.778917133808136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delta","display_name":"Delta","score":0.7744747996330261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.559775173664093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographically-weighted-regression","display_name":"Geographically Weighted Regression","score":0.41267022490501404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.3800603449344635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.3742319941520691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3127230405807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.19219931960105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.14355254173278809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11218982934951782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08136817812919617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.061175763607025146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018003528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5413","display_name":"Yangtze river","level":3,"score":0.778917133808136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5072461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49506","display_name":"Delta","level":2,"score":0.7744747996330261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.559775173664093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910321205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geographically Weighted Regression","level":2,"score":0.41267022490501404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.3800603449344635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.3742319941520691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3127230405807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.19219931960105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.14355254173278809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11218982934951782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08136817812919617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.061175763607025146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9040346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9040346","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/4/346/pdf?version=1491388160","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0b4ff16831344cefa0f1dba5989c19eb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0b4ff16831344cefa0f1dba5989c19eb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 9, Iss 4, p 346 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/9/4/346/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs9040346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 9; Issue 4; Pages: 346","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9040346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9040346","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/4/346/pdf?version=1491388160","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4716651108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41401389, 41671342","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8868064041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015M570668, 2016T90732","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322605","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322927","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337015","display_name":"K. C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2604422450.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2604422450.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W960576833","https://openalex.org/W1974279982","https://openalex.org/W1976991085","https://openalex.org/W1980891198","https://openalex.org/W1987337512","https://openalex.org/W2011740524","https://openalex.org/W2020094050","https://openalex.org/W2027284242","https://openalex.org/W2031528200","https://openalex.org/W2036832550","https://openalex.org/W2044333852","https://openalex.org/W2045800824","https://openalex.org/W2045854720","https://openalex.org/W2054806977","https://openalex.org/W2078793617","https://openalex.org/W2085461611","https://openalex.org/W2119362352","https://openalex.org/W2145265567","https://openalex.org/W2146096861","https://openalex.org/W2148169128","https://openalex.org/W2158426942","https://openalex.org/W2161634883","https://openalex.org/W2167549439","https://openalex.org/W2189499426","https://openalex.org/W2252305884","https://openalex.org/W2264216925","https://openalex.org/W2284873887","https://openalex.org/W2294879709","https://openalex.org/W2297827415","https://openalex.org/W2301552301","https://openalex.org/W2306844409","https://openalex.org/W2312602772","https://openalex.org/W2318698569","https://openalex.org/W2382127115","https://openalex.org/W2405742917","https://openalex.org/W2516758599","https://openalex.org/W2522359357","https://openalex.org/W6681612148"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2364139172","https://openalex.org/W2377808188","https://openalex.org/W2360242884","https://openalex.org/W2364071958","https://openalex.org/W2381531667","https://openalex.org/W2360419609","https://openalex.org/W2358373474","https://openalex.org/W2374467398","https://openalex.org/W2383322449","https://openalex.org/W2370428053"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,15,31,39,43,59,84,125,141,175,217,241,249,253,258,269,275,283,301],"past":[2],"decades,":[3],"regional":[4],"haze":[5],"episodes":[6],"have":[7,55],"frequently":[8],"occurred":[9],"in":[10,14,83,187,204,207,210,214,220,228,252,268,281,291,300],"eastern":[11],"China,":[12],"especially":[13],"Yangtze":[16],"River":[17],"Delta":[18],"(YRD).":[19],"Satellite":[20],"derived":[21],"Aerosol":[22],"Optical":[23],"Depth":[24],"(AOD)":[25],"has":[26],"been":[27,56],"used":[28],"to":[29,96,111,122],"retrieve":[30],"spatial":[32,81],"coverage":[33],"of":[34,42,75,127,143,161,198,245,248,260,277],"PM2.5":[35,152,188,294],"concentrations.":[36,153],"To":[37],"improve":[38],"retrieval":[40],"accuracy":[41],"daily":[44,293],"AOD-PM2.5":[45,270,284],"model,":[46],"various":[47],"auxiliary":[48,99,144,246,279],"variables":[49,67,100,169,247,262,280],"like":[50],"meteorological":[51,102,168],"or":[52,80],"geographical":[53,104],"factors":[54,105],"adopted":[57],"into":[58],"Geographically":[60],"Weighted":[61],"Regression":[62],"(GWR)":[63],"model.":[64,271],"However,":[65],"these":[66],"are":[68,202],"always":[69],"arbitrarily":[70],"selected":[71],"without":[72],"deep":[73],"consideration":[74],"their":[76,108],"potentially":[77],"varying":[78,140],"temporal":[79],"contributions":[82],"model":[85,251],"performance.":[86],"In":[87],"this":[88],"manuscript,":[89],"we":[90],"put":[91],"forward":[92],"an":[93],"automatic":[94],"procedure":[95],"select":[97],"proper":[98,278],"from":[101,296],"and":[103,106,146,212,222,230,236,263,286],"obtain":[107],"optimal":[109],"combinations":[110],"construct":[112],"four":[113],"seasonal":[114,200,218,235,243],"GWR":[115,130,137,159,177,250],"models.":[116],"We":[117,255],"employ":[118],"two":[119],"different":[120],"schemes":[121],"comprehensively":[123],"test":[124],"performance":[126],"our":[128,158,199],"proposed":[129],"models:":[131],"(1)":[132],"comparison":[133,148,233],"with":[134,149,165,190],"other":[135,176],"regular":[136],"models":[138,160,178,181,201,219,238],"by":[139],"number":[142],"variables;":[145],"(2)":[147],"observed":[150],"ground-level":[151],"The":[154,194,232],"result":[155],"shows":[156],"that":[157],"\u201cAOD":[162],"+":[163],"3\u201d":[164],"three":[166],"common":[167],"generally":[170],"perform":[171],"better":[172,225],"than":[173,226],"all":[174],"involved.":[179],"Our":[180,272],"also":[182,256],"show":[183],"powerful":[184],"prediction":[185],"capabilities":[186],"concentrations":[189,295],"only":[191],"slight":[192],"overfitting.":[193],"determination":[195],"coefficients":[196],"R2":[197],"0.8259":[203],"spring,":[205],"0.7818":[206],"summer,":[208],"0.8407":[209],"autumn,":[211],"0.7689":[213],"winter.":[215,231],"Also,":[216],"summer":[221],"autumn":[223],"behave":[224],"those":[227],"spring":[229],"between":[234],"yearly":[237],"further":[239],"validates":[240,274],"specific":[242],"pattern":[244],"YRD.":[254,302],"stress":[257],"importance":[259],"key":[261],"propose":[264],"a":[265,288],"selection":[266],"process":[267],"work":[273],"significance":[276],"modelling":[282],"relationships":[285],"provides":[287],"good":[289],"alternative":[290],"retrieving":[292],"remote":[297],"sensing":[298],"images":[299]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2017-04-14T00:00:00"}