{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2605995529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9040312","title":"Deep Learning Approach for Car Detection in UAV Imagery","display_name":"Deep Learning Approach for Car Detection in UAV Imagery","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-03-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2605995529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9040312","mag":"2605995529"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9040312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9040312","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/4/312/pdf?version=1490617790","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/4/312/pdf?version=1490617790","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024643362","display_name":"Nassim Ammour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-4640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nassim Ammour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030617821","display_name":"Haikel Alhichri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2164-043X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haikel Alhichri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054237841","display_name":"Yakoub Bazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-0596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yakoub Bazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085663479","display_name":"Bilel Benjdira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3057-4924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bilel Benjdira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052594698","display_name":"Naif Alajlan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1846-1131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naif Alajlan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001185870","display_name":"Mansour Zuair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2490-5739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mansour Zuair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054237841"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":12.1083,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":297,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99016163,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"312","last_page":"312"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8217554092407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7590206861495972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6142548322677612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5606212615966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.528348982334137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sliding-window-protocol","display_name":"Sliding window protocol","score":0.523999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.49749162793159485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.47394445538520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.46550992131233215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.46391549706459045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4460693299770355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilation","display_name":"Dilation (metric space)","score":0.4191927909851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/window","display_name":"Window (computing)","score":0.26462215185165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0772378146648407}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8217554092407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7590206861495972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6142548322677612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5606212615966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.528348982334137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102392041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q592860","display_name":"Sliding window protocol","level":3,"score":0.523999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.49749162793159485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.47394445538520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.46550992131233215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.46391549706459045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4460693299770355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780757906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276676","display_name":"Dilation (metric space)","level":2,"score":0.4191927909851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778751112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835016","display_name":"Window (computing)","level":2,"score":0.26462215185165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0772378146648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9040312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9040312","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/4/312/pdf?version=1490617790","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8cf8458756e44c7a867ec5e05e14499b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8cf8458756e44c7a867ec5e05e14499b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 9, Iss 4, p 312 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/9/4/312/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs9040312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 9; Issue 4; Pages: 312","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9040312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9040312","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/4/312/pdf?version=1490617790","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G741865784","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RG-1435-050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322275","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2605995529.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2605995529.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1503655232","https://openalex.org/W1508404128","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1965877721","https://openalex.org/W1968405646","https://openalex.org/W1986506688","https://openalex.org/W1998943389","https://openalex.org/W2018601649","https://openalex.org/W2022508996","https://openalex.org/W2022686119","https://openalex.org/W2025768430","https://openalex.org/W2043552486","https://openalex.org/W2048605480","https://openalex.org/W2064022862","https://openalex.org/W2066268896","https://openalex.org/W2066916495","https://openalex.org/W2067191022","https://openalex.org/W2072866698","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2095537868","https://openalex.org/W2096634291","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2103088716","https://openalex.org/W2113201641","https://openalex.org/W2119300483","https://openalex.org/W2119531662","https://openalex.org/W2121947440","https://openalex.org/W2124260943","https://openalex.org/W2133125644","https://openalex.org/W2134764287","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2143545080","https://openalex.org/W2155217764","https://openalex.org/W2510352715","https://openalex.org/W2538008885","https://openalex.org/W2910427973","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W6680152177"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557094818","https://openalex.org/W2183246718","https://openalex.org/W2099261052","https://openalex.org/W3209204065","https://openalex.org/W2353818951","https://openalex.org/W3132983279","https://openalex.org/W2495356367","https://openalex.org/W1605879311","https://openalex.org/W2105707930","https://openalex.org/W2770255720"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,20],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,199],"automatic":[4,51],"solution":[5],"to":[6,90,129,142,150,173],"the":[7,26,35,42,60,152,208,212],"problem":[8],"of":[9,31,37,46,193,218],"detecting":[10],"and":[11,41,85,134,155,178,220],"counting":[12],"cars":[13,175],"in":[14,216],"unmanned":[15],"aerial":[16],"vehicle":[17],"(UAV)":[18],"images.":[19],"is":[21,80,88,108,140],"a":[22,38,78,100,116,122,143,168,190],"challenging":[23,191],"task":[24],"given":[25],"very":[27],"high":[28,44],"spatial":[29],"resolution":[30],"UAV":[32,195],"images":[33,196],"(on":[34],"order":[36],"few":[39,169],"centimetres)":[40],"extremely":[43],"level":[45],"detail,":[47],"which":[48,67,146],"require":[49],"suitable":[50],"analysis":[52],"methods.":[53],"Our":[54],"proposed":[55,209],"method":[56,210],"begins":[57],"by":[58],"segmenting":[59],"input":[61],"image":[62],"into":[63,132],"small":[64,161],"homogeneous":[65],"regions,":[66],"can":[68],"be":[69],"used":[70,89],"as":[71,115],"candidate":[72],"locations":[73],"for":[74],"car":[75],"detection.":[76],"Next,":[77],"window":[79],"extracted":[81],"around":[82],"each":[83],"region,":[84],"deep":[86,101],"learning":[87],"mine":[91],"highly":[92],"descriptive":[93],"features":[94],"from":[95],"these":[96],"windows.":[97],"We":[98],"use":[99],"convolutional":[102],"neural":[103],"network":[104],"(CNN)":[105],"system":[106],"that":[107,207],"already":[109],"pre-trained":[110],"on":[111,189],"huge":[112],"auxiliary":[113],"data":[114],"feature":[117],"extraction":[118],"tool,":[119],"combined":[120],"with":[121],"linear":[123],"support":[124],"vector":[125],"machine":[126],"(SVM)":[127],"classifier":[128],"classify":[130],"regions":[131,154,163],"\u201ccar\u201d":[133],"\u201cno-car\u201d":[135],"classes.":[136],"The":[137,202],"final":[138],"step":[139],"devoted":[141],"fine-tuning":[144],"procedure":[145],"performs":[147],"morphological":[148],"dilation":[149],"smooth":[151],"detected":[153],"fill":[156],"any":[157],"holes.":[158],"In":[159],"addition,":[160],"isolated":[162],"are":[164],"analysed":[165],"further":[166],"using":[167],"sliding":[170],"rectangular":[171],"windows":[172],"locate":[174],"more":[176],"accurately":[177],"remove":[179],"false":[180],"positives.":[181],"To":[182],"evaluate":[183],"our":[184],"method,":[185],"experiments":[186],"were":[187],"conducted":[188],"set":[192],"real":[194],"acquired":[197],"over":[198],"urban":[200],"area.":[201],"experimental":[203],"results":[204],"have":[205],"proven":[206],"outperforms":[211],"state-of-the-art":[213],"methods,":[214],"both":[215],"terms":[217],"accuracy":[219],"computational":[221],"time.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2017-04-28T00:00:00"}