{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2577743336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9010059","title":"Estimating Canopy Gap Fraction Using ICESat GLAS within Australian Forest Ecosystems","display_name":"Estimating Canopy Gap Fraction Using ICESat GLAS within Australian Forest Ecosystems","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2577743336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9010059","mag":"2577743336"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9010059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9010059","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/1/59/pdf?version=1484148240","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/1/59/pdf?version=1484148240","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071481201","display_name":"Craig Mahoney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7764-0175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107949126","display_name":"University of Lethbridge","ror":"https://ror.org/044j76961","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107949126"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Craig Mahoney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107949126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082116235","display_name":"Chris Hopkinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3998-4778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107949126","display_name":"University of Lethbridge","ror":"https://ror.org/044j76961","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107949126"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Hopkinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107949126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001723178","display_name":"Natascha Kljun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9650-2184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natascha Kljun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029826761","display_name":"Eva van Gorsel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281210470","display_name":"CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere","ror":"https://ror.org/026nh4520","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281210470","https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eva Van Gorsel","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Wilf Crane Crescent, Yarralumla ACT 2600, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Wilf Crane Crescent, Yarralumla ACT 2600, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281210470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071481201"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107949126"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.9235,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72771163,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"59","last_page":"59"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10266","display_name":"Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7621999382972717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.7415341734886169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.6904335021972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altimeter","display_name":"Altimeter","score":0.6723157167434692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.583063542842865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.5818206071853638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5302184224128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.4908188283443451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/footprint","display_name":"Footprint","score":0.4835888743400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.22924762964248657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.14756453037261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.14048808813095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.07281529903411865}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7621999382972717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7415341734886169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.6904335021972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17534553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216197","display_name":"Altimeter","level":2,"score":0.6723157167434692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.583063542842865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.5818206071853638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5302184224128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.4908188283443451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132943942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2562511","display_name":"Footprint","level":2,"score":0.4835888743400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.22924762964248657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.14756453037261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14048808813095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.07281529903411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9010059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9010059","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/1/59/pdf?version=1484148240","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cronfa.swan.ac.uk:cronfa31620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa31620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401612","display_name":"Cronfa (Swansea University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","host_organization_name":"Swansea University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:16fa70618ea34fbfa3b905797c0a095e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/16fa70618ea34fbfa3b905797c0a095e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 9, Iss 1, p 59 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lup.lub.lu.se:9806c2c6-5ee2-45fd-a9d5-2e0f2b0bbc52","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/9806c2c6-5ee2-45fd-a9d5-2e0f2b0bbc52","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400536","display_name":"Lund University Publications (Lund University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","host_organization_name":"Lund University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; 9(1), no 59 (2017)","raw_type":"contributiontojournal/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs9010059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9010059","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/1/59/pdf?version=1484148240","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2577743336.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2577743336.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W289032787","https://openalex.org/W1498793884","https://openalex.org/W1891744174","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1972288805","https://openalex.org/W1980183272","https://openalex.org/W1981263865","https://openalex.org/W1989313425","https://openalex.org/W1991989519","https://openalex.org/W1992933182","https://openalex.org/W1998779060","https://openalex.org/W1998846529","https://openalex.org/W2008301749","https://openalex.org/W2025425476","https://openalex.org/W2031507667","https://openalex.org/W2056069225","https://openalex.org/W2057378447","https://openalex.org/W2064288715","https://openalex.org/W2086783159","https://openalex.org/W2089880642","https://openalex.org/W2094380042","https://openalex.org/W2094434264","https://openalex.org/W2094701176","https://openalex.org/W2101320768","https://openalex.org/W2107467817","https://openalex.org/W2109030838","https://openalex.org/W2113488626","https://openalex.org/W2131408559","https://openalex.org/W2150514017","https://openalex.org/W2152016466","https://openalex.org/W2155261478","https://openalex.org/W2159686512","https://openalex.org/W2160203024","https://openalex.org/W2162298841","https://openalex.org/W2163517730","https://openalex.org/W2164124513","https://openalex.org/W2168663480","https://openalex.org/W2273297058","https://openalex.org/W2402318270","https://openalex.org/W2438342706","https://openalex.org/W2526079484","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W6727662740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W119731573","https://openalex.org/W2347729776","https://openalex.org/W1992962589","https://openalex.org/W2081457971","https://openalex.org/W2028659695","https://openalex.org/W3032871857","https://openalex.org/W2072749356","https://openalex.org/W2279247987","https://openalex.org/W1655553142","https://openalex.org/W2142201294"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spaceborne":[0],"laser":[1],"altimetry":[2],"waveform":[3],"estimates":[4,124,161,181],"of":[5,54,97,125,162,182],"canopy":[6,27,52],"Gap":[7],"Fraction":[8],"(GF)":[9],"vary":[10],"with":[11],"respect":[12],"to":[13,19,23,47,71,88,129],"discrete":[14],"return":[15],"airborne":[16],"equivalents":[17],"due":[18],"their":[20],"greater":[21],"sensitivity":[22],"reflectance":[24],"differences":[25,33],"between":[26],"and":[28,41,82,108,118,122,137,167],"ground":[29,50],"surfaces":[30],"resulting":[31],"from":[32,188],"in":[34],"footprint":[35],"size,":[36],"energy":[37],"thresholding,":[38],"noise":[39],"characteristics":[40],"sampling":[42],"geometry.":[43],"Applying":[44],"scaling":[45,90,176],"factors":[46,91],"either":[48],"the":[49,142,169],"or":[51],"portions":[53],"waveforms":[55,75],"has":[56],"successfully":[57,159],"circumvented":[58],"this":[59],"issue,":[60],"but":[61],"not":[62],"at":[63,164],"large":[64,165],"scales.":[65],"This":[66,154],"study":[67],"develops":[68],"a":[69,186],"method":[70],"scale":[72],"spaceborne":[73],"altimeter":[74],"by":[76],"identifying":[77],"which":[78,189],"remotely-sensed":[79],"vegetation,":[80],"terrain":[81,119],"environmental":[83],"attributes":[84,102,172],"are":[85,127],"best":[86],"suited":[87],"predicting":[89],"based":[92],"on":[93],"an":[94,138],"independent":[95],"measure":[96],"importance.":[98],"The":[99],"most":[100,145,170],"important":[101],"were":[103],"identified":[104],"as:":[105],"soil":[106],"phosphorus":[107],"nitrogen":[109],"contents,":[110],"vegetation":[111,114],"height,":[112],"MODIS":[113],"continuous":[115],"fields":[116],"product":[117],"slope.":[120],"Unscaled":[121],"scaled":[123],"GF":[126,163,183],"compared":[128],"corresponding":[130],"ALS":[131],"data":[132,136],"for":[133,158,173],"all":[134],"available":[135],"optimized":[139],"subset,":[140],"where":[141],"latter":[143],"produced":[144],"encouraging":[146],"results":[147],"(R2":[148],"=":[149,152],"0.89,":[150],"RMSE":[151],"0.10).":[153],"methodology":[155],"shows":[156],"potential":[157],"refining":[160],"scales":[166],"identifies":[168],"suitable":[171],"deriving":[174],"appropriate":[175],"factors.":[177],"Large-scale":[178],"active":[179],"sensor":[180],"can":[184,193],"establish":[185],"baseline":[187],"future":[190],"monitoring":[191],"investigations":[192],"be":[194],"initiated":[195],"via":[196],"upcoming":[197],"Earth":[198],"Observation":[199],"missions.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
