{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2549123380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110968","title":"Biomass Estimation Using 3D Data from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery in a Tropical Woodland","display_name":"Biomass Estimation Using 3D Data from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery in a Tropical Woodland","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-11-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2549123380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110968","mag":"2549123380"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8110968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110968","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/11/968/pdf?version=1479893140","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/11/968/pdf?version=1479893140","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064645925","display_name":"Daud Kachamba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1073-6292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54108979","display_name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1mvv97","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daud Kachamba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 \u00c5s, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 \u00c5s, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074132804","display_name":"Hans Ole \u00d8rka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7492-8608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54108979","display_name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1mvv97","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans \u00d8rka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 \u00c5s, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 \u00c5s, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073215366","display_name":"Terje Gobakken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5534-049X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54108979","display_name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1mvv97","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Terje Gobakken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 \u00c5s, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 \u00c5s, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108539298","display_name":"Tron Eid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54108979","display_name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1mvv97","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tron Eid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 \u00c5s, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 \u00c5s, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083498660","display_name":"Weston Mwase","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101907","display_name":"Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/0188qm081","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101907"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155820","display_name":"Department of Forestry","ror":"https://ror.org/04n3nh595","country_code":"MW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155820"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weston Mwase","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forestry, Lilongwe University of Agriculture & Natural Resources, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forestry, Lilongwe University of Agriculture & Natural Resources, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101907","https://openalex.org/I4210155820"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064645925"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":7.3252,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":119,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97593909,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"11","first_page":"968","last_page":"968"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/woodland","display_name":"Woodland","score":0.6313903331756592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5370935201644897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomass","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","score":0.49886250495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.48549821972846985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-imagery","display_name":"Aerial imagery","score":0.4736786186695099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.3423426151275635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.29360976815223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2843368649482727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.15554609894752502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.09884339570999146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203174812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241565","display_name":"Woodland","level":2,"score":0.6313903331756592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5370935201644897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.49886250495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.48549821972846985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987819851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191839","display_name":"Aerial imagery","level":2,"score":0.4736786186695099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.3423426151275635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.29360976815223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2843368649482727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.15554609894752502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.09884339570999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8110968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110968","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/11/968/pdf?version=1479893140","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:brage.bibsys.no:11250/2456499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2456499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400255","display_name":"BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173212132","host_organization_name":"Vilnius University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173212132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"18","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/8/11/968/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs8110968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8110968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110968","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/11/968/pdf?version=1479893140","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2549123380.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2549123380.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41464513","https://openalex.org/W193769241","https://openalex.org/W1048495573","https://openalex.org/W1496824059","https://openalex.org/W1522525389","https://openalex.org/W1525300509","https://openalex.org/W1527561456","https://openalex.org/W1582345644","https://openalex.org/W1684243805","https://openalex.org/W1964043798","https://openalex.org/W1979366691","https://openalex.org/W1981527205","https://openalex.org/W1985076527","https://openalex.org/W1986513773","https://openalex.org/W1995619294","https://openalex.org/W1998902551","https://openalex.org/W2001341908","https://openalex.org/W2002008272","https://openalex.org/W2012519352","https://openalex.org/W2013206258","https://openalex.org/W2022178338","https://openalex.org/W2027672019","https://openalex.org/W2029875384","https://openalex.org/W2030359906","https://openalex.org/W2031850322","https://openalex.org/W2032771339","https://openalex.org/W2040120109","https://openalex.org/W2043871384","https://openalex.org/W2044575380","https://openalex.org/W2050269337","https://openalex.org/W2052438412","https://openalex.org/W2054503844","https://openalex.org/W2065217067","https://openalex.org/W2074706991","https://openalex.org/W2077116289","https://openalex.org/W2083468770","https://openalex.org/W2085520997","https://openalex.org/W2085741981","https://openalex.org/W2091939427","https://openalex.org/W2092491956","https://openalex.org/W2093449654","https://openalex.org/W2103389803","https://openalex.org/W2105048158","https://openalex.org/W2109019677","https://openalex.org/W2134420993","https://openalex.org/W2140397648","https://openalex.org/W2145243492","https://openalex.org/W2159352923","https://openalex.org/W2167239677","https://openalex.org/W2170340597","https://openalex.org/W2171466305","https://openalex.org/W2175271311","https://openalex.org/W2184594376","https://openalex.org/W2188712988","https://openalex.org/W2213155418","https://openalex.org/W2217905131","https://openalex.org/W2269515837","https://openalex.org/W2296685749","https://openalex.org/W2337442676","https://openalex.org/W2397741397","https://openalex.org/W2487770199","https://openalex.org/W2495260571","https://openalex.org/W2516398724","https://openalex.org/W4229930971","https://openalex.org/W4241681072","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6688449247"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W597661690","https://openalex.org/W2069660107","https://openalex.org/W3025445785","https://openalex.org/W2386394999","https://openalex.org/W4320480824","https://openalex.org/W2351845884","https://openalex.org/W2389944846","https://openalex.org/W1991925739","https://openalex.org/W4229819471","https://openalex.org/W2808548922"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Application":[0],"of":[1,45,54,61,75,102,150,152,157],"3D":[2,62],"data":[3,30,63,89,197],"derived":[4,64],"from":[5,65,91],"images":[6],"captured":[7],"using":[8,88,132,207],"unmanned":[9],"aerial":[10],"vehicles":[11],"(UAVs)":[12],"in":[13,21,35,68,95,99,201,204],"forest":[14,97],"biomass":[15,39,69,155,202],"estimation":[16,40,70,203],"has":[17,191],"shown":[18],"great":[19],"potential":[20],"reducing":[22],"costs":[23],"and":[24,71,82,187],"improving":[25],"the":[26,43,143,161,169,181],"estimates.":[27],"However,":[28],"such":[29],"have":[31],"never":[32],"been":[33],"tested":[34,117],"miombo":[36,100,205],"woodlands.":[37],"UAV-based":[38],"relies":[41],"on":[42,79,123,137],"availability":[44],"reliable":[46],"digital":[47],"terrain":[48],"models":[49,176],"(DTMs).":[50],"The":[51,104,189],"main":[52],"objective":[53],"this":[55],"study":[56,190],"was":[57,86,168],"to":[58,72],"evaluate":[59],"application":[60],"UAV":[66,194],"imagery":[67],"compare":[73],"impacts":[74],"DTMs":[76,118],"generated":[77,209],"based":[78,122,136],"different":[80],"methods":[81],"parameter":[83],"settings.":[84],"Biomass":[85],"modeled":[87],"acquired":[90,195],"107":[92],"sample":[93],"plots":[94],"a":[96,138,153],"reserve":[98],"woodlands":[101,206],"Malawi.":[103],"results":[105],"indicated":[106],"that":[107,121,193],"there":[108],"are":[109],"no":[110],"significant":[111],"differences":[112],"(p":[113],"=":[114],"0.985)":[115],"between":[116],"except":[119],"for":[120],"shuttle":[124],"radar":[125],"topography":[126],"mission":[127],"(SRTM).":[128],"A":[129],"model":[130],"developed":[131],"unsupervised":[133],"ground":[134],"filtering":[135],"grid":[139],"search":[140],"approach,":[141],"had":[142],"smallest":[144],"root":[145],"mean":[146,154],"square":[147],"error":[148],"(RMSE)":[149],"46.7%":[151],"value":[156],"38.99":[158],"Mg\u00b7ha\u22121.":[159],"Amongst":[160],"independent":[162],"variables,":[163],"maximum":[164],"canopy":[165],"height":[166],"(Hmax)":[167],"most":[170],"frequently":[171],"selected.":[172],"In":[173],"addition,":[174],"all":[175],"included":[177],"spectral":[178],"variables":[179],"incorporating":[180],"three":[182],"color":[183],"bands":[184],"red,":[185],"green":[186],"blue.":[188],"demonstrated":[192],"image":[196],"can":[198],"be":[199],"used":[200],"automatically":[208],"DTMs.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}