{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2550761139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110958","title":"Scanning, Multibeam, Single Photon Lidars for Rapid, Large Scale, High Resolution, Topographic and Bathymetric Mapping","display_name":"Scanning, Multibeam, Single Photon Lidars for Rapid, Large Scale, High Resolution, Topographic and Bathymetric Mapping","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2550761139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110958","mag":"2550761139"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8110958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110958","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/11/958/pdf?version=1479467868","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/11/958/pdf?version=1479467868","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064704578","display_name":"John J. Degnan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3677-0173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099313","display_name":"Sigma Space (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0187tsx41","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099313"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Degnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sigma Space Corporation, 4600 Forbes Blvd., Lanham, MD 20706, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sigma Space Corporation, 4600 Forbes Blvd., Lanham, MD 20706, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099313"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064704578"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099313"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.4591,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":103,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91759729,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"11","first_page":"958","last_page":"958"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.7781214118003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7424609065055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bathymetry","display_name":"Bathymetry","score":0.7357721924781799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.4634741246700287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.43232831358909607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4301515519618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geolocation","display_name":"Geolocation","score":0.42944058775901794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3568747043609619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3096802234649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.19739791750907898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17763400077819824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.10743436217308044}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7781214118003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7424609065055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174943157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810826","display_name":"Bathymetry","level":2,"score":0.7357721924781799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4634741246700287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.43232831358909607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4301515519618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22041718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638949","display_name":"Geolocation","level":2,"score":0.42944058775901794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3568747043609619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3096802234649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19739791750907898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17763400077819824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.10743436217308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8110958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110958","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/11/958/pdf?version=1479467868","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7da07915cd944f46b02f2acd7daf6243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7da07915cd944f46b02f2acd7daf6243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 8, Iss 11, p 958 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/8/11/958/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs8110958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 8; Issue 11; Pages: 958","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8110958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110958","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/11/958/pdf?version=1479467868","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2550761139.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2550761139.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W148393984","https://openalex.org/W151548834","https://openalex.org/W286527725","https://openalex.org/W1502720955","https://openalex.org/W1994249628","https://openalex.org/W2003878693","https://openalex.org/W2019249840","https://openalex.org/W2036640117","https://openalex.org/W2124183369","https://openalex.org/W2166344971","https://openalex.org/W2362880244","https://openalex.org/W2471343708","https://openalex.org/W4243993943","https://openalex.org/W4244720967"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2163194970","https://openalex.org/W3105229732","https://openalex.org/W2799094075","https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W2594043982","https://openalex.org/W3036493597","https://openalex.org/W1992543912"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Several":[0],"scanning,":[1],"single":[2],"photon":[3],"sensitive,":[4],"3D":[5],"imaging":[6],"lidars":[7,159],"are":[8,94,143,160],"herein":[9],"described":[10],"that":[11],"operate":[12],"at":[13,43,144],"aircraft":[14,102],"above":[15],"ground":[16,57],"levels":[17],"(AGLs)":[18],"between":[19,150],"1":[20],"and":[21,24,34,89,155],"11":[22],"km,":[23],"speeds":[25],"in":[26,107],"excess":[27],"of":[28,62,84,101],"200":[29],"knots.":[30],"With":[31],"100":[32],"beamlets":[33],"laser":[35,86],"fire":[36],"rates":[37],"up":[38,53],"to":[39,54,103,128,141],"60":[40],"kHz,":[41],"we,":[42],"the":[44,82,131,145],"Sigma":[45],"Space":[46],"Corporation":[47],"(Lanham,":[48],"MD,":[49],"USA),":[50],"have":[51,125],"interrogated":[52],"6":[55],"million":[56],"pixels":[58],"per":[59],"second,":[60],"all":[61],"which":[63],"can":[64],"record":[65],"multiple":[66,108],"returns":[67],"from":[68],"volumetric":[69],"scatterers":[70],"such":[71],"as":[72],"tree":[73],"canopies.":[74],"High":[75],"range":[76],"resolution":[77],"has":[78],"been":[79,126],"achieved":[80],"through":[81],"use":[83],"subnanosecond":[85],"pulsewidths,":[87],"detectors":[88],"timing":[90],"receivers.":[91],"The":[92],"systems":[93],"presently":[95],"being":[96],"deployed":[97],"on":[98],"a":[99],"variety":[100],"demonstrate":[104],"their":[105],"utility":[106],"applications":[109],"including":[110],"large":[111],"scale":[112],"surveying,":[113],"bathymetry,":[114],"forestry,":[115],"etc.":[116],"Efficient":[117],"noise":[118],"filters,":[119],"suitable":[120],"for":[121],"near":[122],"realtime":[123],"imaging,":[124],"shown":[127],"effectively":[129],"eliminate":[130],"solar":[132],"background":[133],"during":[134],"daytime":[135],"operations.":[136],"Geolocation":[137],"elevation":[138],"errors":[139],"measured":[140],"date":[142],"subdecimeter":[146],"level.":[147],"Key":[148],"differences":[149],"our":[151],"Single":[152],"Photon":[153],"Lidars,":[154],"competing":[156],"Geiger":[157],"Mode":[158],"also":[161],"discussed.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
