{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2549109348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110948","title":"Environmental and Anthropogenic Degradation of Vegetation in the Sahel from 1982 to 2006","display_name":"Environmental and Anthropogenic Degradation of Vegetation in the Sahel from 1982 to 2006","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2549109348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110948","mag":"2549109348"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8110948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110948","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/11/948/pdf?version=1479206130","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/11/948/pdf?version=1479206130","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071432756","display_name":"Khaldoun Rishmawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7319-1782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaldoun Rishmawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20782, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7319-1782","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20782, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088635348","display_name":"Stephen D. Prince","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2237-1884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Prince","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20782, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20782, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088635348"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":20.3422,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99143686,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"11","first_page":"948","last_page":"948"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12630","display_name":"African Botany and Ecology Studies","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12630","display_name":"African Botany and Ecology Studies","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.7229676842689514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.6761471033096313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.5203163623809814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-degradation","display_name":"Land degradation","score":0.47988903522491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.4700053334236145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"Productivity","score":0.4452977180480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.4199833869934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.41536474227905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.2795161008834839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.23498836159706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.15141227841377258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.07610198855400085}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7229676842689514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.6761471033096313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.5203163623809814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113052830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3497778","display_name":"Land degradation","level":3,"score":0.47988903522491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.4700053334236145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.4452977180480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4199833869934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.41536474227905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.2795161008834839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.23498836159706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.15141227841377258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.07610198855400085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8110948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110948","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/11/948/pdf?version=1479206130","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:drum.lib.umd.edu:1903/31523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1903/31523","pdf_url":"https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstreams/0c939462-620d-449b-a5fb-19935a0690f3/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401518","display_name":"University Libraries (University of Maryland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:74f04880631a4e85a625765ed33e878f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/74f04880631a4e85a625765ed33e878f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 8, Iss 11, p 948 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/8/11/948/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs8110948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 8; Issue 11; Pages: 948","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.13016/dspace/cpab-g9u1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13016/dspace/cpab-g9u1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402644","display_name":"Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8110948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110948","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/11/948/pdf?version=1479206130","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6479193455","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"000420","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332377","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":107,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W14729399","https://openalex.org/W21230015","https://openalex.org/W60344509","https://openalex.org/W114697379","https://openalex.org/W138220175","https://openalex.org/W620450529","https://openalex.org/W1487616772","https://openalex.org/W1516216196","https://openalex.org/W1517905343","https://openalex.org/W1520546964","https://openalex.org/W1558439614","https://openalex.org/W1580948147","https://openalex.org/W1838764073","https://openalex.org/W1876425298","https://openalex.org/W1895676853","https://openalex.org/W1925462859","https://openalex.org/W1968079363","https://openalex.org/W1970438077","https://openalex.org/W1974478886","https://openalex.org/W1975999098","https://openalex.org/W1978815659","https://openalex.org/W1980783005","https://openalex.org/W1985688288","https://openalex.org/W1992244943","https://openalex.org/W1993415357","https://openalex.org/W1996687662","https://openalex.org/W2002037192","https://openalex.org/W2005471402","https://openalex.org/W2008889095","https://openalex.org/W2011443262","https://openalex.org/W2016490018","https://openalex.org/W2016538651","https://openalex.org/W2017600855","https://openalex.org/W2019439434","https://openalex.org/W2032554314","https://openalex.org/W2034672914","https://openalex.org/W2036270743","https://openalex.org/W2045733635","https://openalex.org/W2046364025","https://openalex.org/W2047999683","https://openalex.org/W2048773948","https://openalex.org/W2051804317","https://openalex.org/W2060372990","https://openalex.org/W2065311929","https://openalex.org/W2072834400","https://openalex.org/W2076848864","https://openalex.org/W2077530209","https://openalex.org/W2085991080","https://openalex.org/W2088115382","https://openalex.org/W2089280226","https://openalex.org/W2089947767","https://openalex.org/W2090600964","https://openalex.org/W2091755376","https://openalex.org/W2093175368","https://openalex.org/W2093364856","https://openalex.org/W2094059506","https://openalex.org/W2096904991","https://openalex.org/W2114581512","https://openalex.org/W2118622244","https://openalex.org/W2120496201","https://openalex.org/W2120694108","https://openalex.org/W2121624865","https://openalex.org/W2122346823","https://openalex.org/W2123610463","https://openalex.org/W2126975094","https://openalex.org/W2127578702","https://openalex.org/W2130449444","https://openalex.org/W2131022626","https://openalex.org/W2131921249","https://openalex.org/W2134825572","https://openalex.org/W2139755045","https://openalex.org/W2142284667","https://openalex.org/W2147056510","https://openalex.org/W2153532054","https://openalex.org/W2155962616","https://openalex.org/W2158031389","https://openalex.org/W2159377971","https://openalex.org/W2160717703","https://openalex.org/W2160888827","https://openalex.org/W2161548576","https://openalex.org/W2162414982","https://openalex.org/W2167547907","https://openalex.org/W2170288143","https://openalex.org/W2171157338","https://openalex.org/W2177500088","https://openalex.org/W2179517069","https://openalex.org/W2179877983","https://openalex.org/W2182917201","https://openalex.org/W2191490157","https://openalex.org/W2227634308","https://openalex.org/W2329974709","https://openalex.org/W2331542625","https://openalex.org/W2416565561","https://openalex.org/W2485833312","https://openalex.org/W2514028793","https://openalex.org/W2548763235","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W4205337121","https://openalex.org/W4241653265","https://openalex.org/W4241996101","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6604704792","https://openalex.org/W6605569544","https://openalex.org/W6633651870","https://openalex.org/W6677963252","https://openalex.org/W6686284159","https://openalex.org/W6716751159"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028495302","https://openalex.org/W4396872084","https://openalex.org/W4249498729","https://openalex.org/W2002261065","https://openalex.org/W1513656766","https://openalex.org/W2440403839","https://openalex.org/W1967083444","https://openalex.org/W2160863446","https://openalex.org/W2106866459","https://openalex.org/W4309269549"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1,94,228],"a":[2,44,130],"great":[3],"deal":[4],"of":[5,15,55,61,71,83,115,132,165,217,243,247,275,291,301],"debate":[6],"on":[7],"the":[8,13,19,53,58,62,69,77,81,116,118,180,218,220,231,244,248,263,272,289,299,302],"extent,":[9],"causes,":[10],"and":[11,64,66,104,141,159,197,238,280,309],"even":[12],"reality":[14],"land":[16,106,278,281,292],"degradation":[17],"in":[18,34,47,80,97,121,167,169,183,212,233,255,298],"Sahel.":[20],"Investigations":[21],"carried":[22],"out":[23],"before":[24],"approximately":[25],"2000":[26,41],"using":[27],"remote":[28],"sensing":[29],"data":[30,274],"suggest":[31],"widespread":[32],"reductions":[33],"biological":[35],"productivity,":[36],"while":[37],"studies":[38],"extending":[39],"beyond":[40],"consistently":[42],"reveal":[43],"net":[45],"increase":[46],"vegetation":[48,84,111,133,213],"production,":[49],"strongly":[50,136],"related":[51,137,306],"to":[52,99,110,138,171,175,185,204,287,293,307,314],"recovery":[54,85],"rainfall":[56,91,149],"following":[57],"extreme":[59],"droughts":[60],"1970s":[63],"1980s,":[65],"thus":[67],"challenging":[68],"notion":[70],"widespread,":[72],"long-term,":[73],"subcontinental-scale":[74],"degradation.":[75,294],"Yet,":[76],"spatial":[78,296],"variations":[79,297],"rates":[82,164],"are":[86,285],"not":[87,223],"fully":[88],"explained":[89],"by":[90,252],"trends.":[92,259],"It":[93],"hypothesized":[95],"that,":[96],"addition":[98],"rainfall,":[100,139],"other":[101],"meteorological":[102,234],"variables":[103],"human":[105],"use":[107],"have":[108],"contributed":[109],"dynamics.":[112],"Throughout":[113],"most":[114,216],"Sahel,":[117,219],"interannual":[119],"variability":[120,187],"growing":[122],"season":[123],"\u03a3NDVIgs":[124,168,181,199],"(measured":[125],"from":[126,226,230],"satellites,":[127],"used":[128,174],"as":[129],"proxy":[131],"productivity)":[134],"was":[135,151],"humidity,":[140],"temperature":[142],"(mean":[143,153],"r2":[144,154],"=":[145,155],"0.67),":[146],"but":[147,312],"with":[148,271],"alone":[150],"weaker":[152],"0.41).":[156],"The":[157,193,295],"mean":[158],"upper":[160],"95th":[161],"quantile":[162],"(UQ)":[163],"change":[166],"response":[170,184],"climate":[172,186],"were":[173,200,250,266,269,304],"predict":[176],"potential":[177],"\u03a3NDVIgs\u2014that":[178],"is,":[179],"expected":[182,229],"alone,":[188],"excluding":[189],"any":[190,206],"anthropogenic":[191,316],"effects.":[192],"differences":[194],"between":[195],"predicted":[196],"observed":[198],"regressed":[201],"against":[202],"time":[203],"detect":[205],"long-term":[207],"(positive":[208],"or":[209],"negative)":[210],"trends":[211,221,232,265,300],"productivity.":[214],"Over":[215],"did":[222],"significantly":[224],"depart":[225],"what":[227],"variables.":[235],"However,":[236],"substantial":[237],"spatially":[239],"contiguous":[240],"areas":[241],"(~8%":[242],"total":[245],"area":[246],"Sahel)":[249],"characterized":[251],"negative,":[253],"and,":[254],"some":[256],"areas,":[257],"positive":[258],"To":[260],"explore":[261],"whether":[262],"negative":[264],"human-induced,":[267],"they":[268],"compared":[270],"available":[273],"population":[276],"density,":[277],"use,":[279],"biophysical":[282],"properties":[283],"that":[284],"known":[286],"affect":[288],"susceptibility":[290],"residuals":[303],"partly":[305],"soils":[308],"tree":[310],"cover,":[311],"also":[313],"several":[315],"pressures.":[317]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}