{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2515344238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8090730","title":"Deep-Learning-Based Classification for DTM Extraction from ALS Point Cloud","display_name":"Deep-Learning-Based Classification for DTM Extraction from ALS Point Cloud","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2515344238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8090730","mag":"2515344238"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8090730","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8090730","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/9/730/pdf?version=1473064785","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/9/730/pdf?version=1473064785","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004788238","display_name":"Xiangyun Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3623-8304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyun Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100638623","display_name":"Yi Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2507-8181"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yi Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100638623"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":10.785,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":163,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98947582,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"9","first_page":"730","last_page":"730"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.863139808177948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7336370944976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6910400390625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5996667146682739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5841636657714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.5385734438896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.5071160793304443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.492815762758255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.47541290521621704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.4691886901855469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.43479782342910767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.4330882132053375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3790104389190674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.15881338715553284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12593689560890198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11944311857223511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.0853235125541687}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.863139808177948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7336370944976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6910400390625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5996667146682739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5841636657714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.5385734438896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5071160793304443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.492815762758255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.47541290521621704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4691886901855469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.43479782342910767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.4330882132053375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3790104389190674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.15881338715553284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12593689560890198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11944311857223511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0853235125541687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8090730","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8090730","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/9/730/pdf?version=1473064785","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9adb2933001d4ac1b7a50bbfc9e316cf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9adb2933001d4ac1b7a50bbfc9e316cf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 8, Iss 9, p 730 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/8/9/730/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs8090730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 8; Issue 9; Pages: 730","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8090730","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8090730","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/9/730/pdf?version=1473064785","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2515344238.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2515344238.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48960425","https://openalex.org/W84227776","https://openalex.org/W1487583988","https://openalex.org/W1603283127","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1936750108","https://openalex.org/W1953583989","https://openalex.org/W2002529409","https://openalex.org/W2002923930","https://openalex.org/W2009214675","https://openalex.org/W2027781877","https://openalex.org/W2091168295","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2117671523","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2158899491","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2952230511","https://openalex.org/W6601946194","https://openalex.org/W6603383834","https://openalex.org/W6650891670","https://openalex.org/W6683738474"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399671601","https://openalex.org/W1992962589","https://openalex.org/W3032871857","https://openalex.org/W1743191351","https://openalex.org/W3104633800","https://openalex.org/W3023567978","https://openalex.org/W3044778482","https://openalex.org/W2914059119","https://openalex.org/W3040494141","https://openalex.org/W1977229594"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Airborne":[0],"laser":[1],"scanning":[2],"(ALS)":[3],"point":[4,54,68,90,137,141,169],"cloud":[5],"data":[6],"are":[7,78],"suitable":[8],"for":[9,52],"digital":[10],"terrain":[11,31],"model":[12,128,145],"(DTM)":[13],"extraction":[14,55,166],"given":[15],"its":[16],"high":[17],"accuracy":[18],"in":[19,39,111,152,164],"elevation.":[20],"Existing":[21],"filtering":[22],"algorithms":[23,151],"that":[24],"eliminate":[25],"non-ground":[26],"points":[27,74],"mostly":[28],"depend":[29],"on":[30,57,118],"feature":[32,165],"assumptions":[33,37],"or":[34,142],"representations;":[35],"these":[36],"result":[38],"errors":[40],"when":[41],"the":[42,72,86,95,100,108,112,125,158],"scene":[43],"is":[44,103],"complex.":[45],"This":[46],"paper":[47],"proposes":[48],"a":[49,76,89,132,136,139,168],"new":[50],"method":[51],"ground":[53,140],"based":[56],"deep":[58,61,126],"learning":[59],"using":[60],"convolutional":[62],"neural":[63],"networks":[64],"(CNN).":[65],"For":[66],"every":[67],"with":[69],"spatial":[70],"context,":[71],"neighboring":[73],"within":[75],"window":[77],"extracted":[79],"and":[80],"transformed":[81],"into":[82],"an":[83,98],"image.":[84],"Then,":[85],"classification":[87,96],"of":[88,97,154,161],"can":[91,129],"be":[92],"treated":[93],"as":[94,138],"image;":[99],"point-to-image":[101],"transformation":[102],"carefully":[104],"crafted":[105],"by":[106],"considering":[107],"height":[109],"information":[110],"neighborhood":[113],"area.":[114],"After":[115],"being":[116],"trained":[117],"approximately":[119],"17":[120],"million":[121],"labeled":[122],"ALS":[123],"points,":[124],"CNN":[127],"learn":[130],"how":[131],"human":[133],"operator":[134],"recognizes":[135],"not.":[143],"The":[144],"performs":[146],"better":[147],"than":[148],"typical":[149],"existing":[150],"terms":[153],"error":[155],"rate,":[156],"indicating":[157],"significant":[159],"potential":[160],"deep-learning-based":[162],"methods":[163],"from":[167],"cloud.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2016-09-16T00:00:00"}