{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2513368886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8090720","title":"Detecting Terrain Stoniness From Airborne Laser Scanning Data \u2020","display_name":"Detecting Terrain Stoniness From Airborne Laser Scanning Data \u2020","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2513368886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8090720","mag":"2513368886"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8090720","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8090720","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/9/720/pdf?version=1472640380","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/9/720/pdf?version=1472640380","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026584476","display_name":"Paavo Nevalainen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7646-929X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paavo Nevalainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069801533","display_name":"Maarit Middleton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9117-7690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333622710","display_name":"Geological Survey of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/03vjnqy43","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333622710","https://openalex.org/I4210089493"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maarit Middleton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 77, L\u00e4hteentie 2, 96101 Rovaniemi, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 77, L\u00e4hteentie 2, 96101 Rovaniemi, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333622710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014721704","display_name":"Raimo Sutinen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333622710","display_name":"Geological Survey of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/03vjnqy43","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333622710","https://openalex.org/I4210089493"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raimo Sutinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 77, L\u00e4hteentie 2, 96101 Rovaniemi, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 77, L\u00e4hteentie 2, 96101 Rovaniemi, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333622710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058539829","display_name":"Jukka Heikkonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2468-5708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jukka Heikkonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021993986","display_name":"Tapio Pahikkala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-2455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tapio Pahikkala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026584476"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.4443,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8057308,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"9","first_page":"720","last_page":"720"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12364","display_name":"Archaeological Research and Protection","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.6164547204971313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-curvature","display_name":"Gaussian curvature","score":0.5997543931007385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curvature","display_name":"Curvature","score":0.5817967057228088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.5590730905532837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polygon","display_name":"Polygon (computer graphics)","score":0.5515763163566589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-triangulation","display_name":"Surface triangulation","score":0.4975605309009552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.49395257234573364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.45856061577796936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37369391322135925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3447687029838562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3433729410171509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2639407515525818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.23891901969909668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23612794280052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delaunay-triangulation","display_name":"Delaunay triangulation","score":0.20619994401931763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.16597533226013184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.14355826377868652}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6164547204971313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16140857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q945953","display_name":"Gaussian curvature","level":3,"score":0.5997543931007385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.5817967057228088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.5590730905532837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190694206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276654","display_name":"Polygon (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.5515763163566589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50285192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15713605","display_name":"Surface triangulation","level":4,"score":0.4975605309009552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.49395257234573364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.45856061577796936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37369391322135925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3447687029838562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3433729410171509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2639407515525818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.23891901969909668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23612794280052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68010082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192445","display_name":"Delaunay triangulation","level":2,"score":0.20619994401931763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.16597533226013184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.14355826377868652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121198538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4951461","display_name":"Bowyer\u2013Watson algorithm","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8090720","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8090720","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/9/720/pdf?version=1472640380","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2cab779179d9451ca23c121e6168fbc0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2cab779179d9451ca23c121e6168fbc0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 8, Iss 9, p 720 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/8/9/720/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs8090720","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8090720","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8090720","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/9/720/pdf?version=1472640380","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323313","display_name":"Turun Yliopisto","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2513368886.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2513368886.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38771557","https://openalex.org/W160857080","https://openalex.org/W168619835","https://openalex.org/W184119462","https://openalex.org/W1517583229","https://openalex.org/W1517637824","https://openalex.org/W1528482826","https://openalex.org/W1626653188","https://openalex.org/W1967201762","https://openalex.org/W1975503739","https://openalex.org/W1981035086","https://openalex.org/W1984464677","https://openalex.org/W1993332844","https://openalex.org/W1995122940","https://openalex.org/W1996475816","https://openalex.org/W1996688648","https://openalex.org/W2005918389","https://openalex.org/W2014091167","https://openalex.org/W2028515670","https://openalex.org/W2035850930","https://openalex.org/W2051646064","https://openalex.org/W2082913656","https://openalex.org/W2099634506","https://openalex.org/W2104998606","https://openalex.org/W2119946558","https://openalex.org/W2121535648","https://openalex.org/W2149887512","https://openalex.org/W2153399947","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2165649407","https://openalex.org/W2166481425","https://openalex.org/W2171301135","https://openalex.org/W2213605496","https://openalex.org/W2214455599","https://openalex.org/W2216336163","https://openalex.org/W2317618475","https://openalex.org/W2404973582","https://openalex.org/W2471898984","https://openalex.org/W2474911377","https://openalex.org/W4214886506","https://openalex.org/W4250929171","https://openalex.org/W6601608299","https://openalex.org/W6607468067","https://openalex.org/W6649706110","https://openalex.org/W6651702350","https://openalex.org/W6684661360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W129338005","https://openalex.org/W2951720092","https://openalex.org/W3016928466","https://openalex.org/W4295655570","https://openalex.org/W4389574804","https://openalex.org/W4394650628","https://openalex.org/W1974190382","https://openalex.org/W2368869599","https://openalex.org/W3208729202","https://openalex.org/W1933623602"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Three":[0],"methods":[1,67],"to":[2,54,119,184],"estimate":[3],"the":[4,25,34,43,100,110,141,148,155,202],"presence":[5],"of":[6,88,93,99,112,128,147],"ground":[7,44,114],"surface":[8,45,126],"stones":[9],"from":[10],"publicly":[11],"available":[12],"Airborne":[13],"Laser":[14],"Scanning":[15],"(ALS)":[16],"point":[17],"clouds":[18],"are":[19],"presented.":[20],"The":[21,47,97,125,143],"first":[22],"method":[23,36,50,152],"approximates":[24],"local":[26,29,149],"curvature":[27,40,72],"by":[28,80,137],"linear":[30,150],"multi-scale":[31],"fitting,":[32],"and":[33,78,90,166],"second":[35],"uses":[37],"Discrete-Differential":[38],"Gaussian":[39,71],"based":[41,200],"on":[42,140,174,201],"triangulation.":[46],"third":[48],"baseline":[49],"applies":[51],"Laplace":[52],"filtering":[53],"Digital":[55],"Elevation":[56],"Model":[57],"(DEM)":[58],"in":[59,154],"a":[60,104],"2":[61],"m":[62],"regular":[63],"grid":[64],"data.":[65],"All":[66],"produce":[68],"an":[69],"approximate":[70],"distribution":[73],"which":[74],"is":[75,103,116],"then":[76],"vectorized":[77],"classified":[79],"logistic":[81],"regression.":[82],"Two":[83],"training":[84],"data":[85,176],"sets":[86],"consisted":[87],"88":[89],"674":[91],"polygons":[92],"mass-flow":[94],"deposits,":[95],"respectively.":[96,178],"locality":[98],"polygon":[101,130],"samples":[102],"sparse":[105],"canopy":[106],"boreal":[107],"forest,":[108],"where":[109],"density":[111],"ALS":[113],"returns":[115],"sufficiently":[117],"high":[118],"reveal":[120],"information":[121],"about":[122],"terrain":[123],"micro-topography.":[124],"stoniness":[127],"each":[129],"sample":[131],"was":[132,204],"categorized":[133],"for":[134,194],"supervised":[135],"learning":[136],"expert":[138],"observation":[139],"site.":[142],"leave-pair-out":[144],"(L2O)":[145],"cross-validation":[146],"fit":[151],"results":[153],"area":[156],"under":[157],"curve":[158],"A":[159,167,197],"U":[160,168],"C":[161,169],"=":[162,170],"0":[163,171],".":[164,172],"74":[165],"85":[173],"two":[175],"sets,":[177],"This":[179],"performance":[180],"can":[181],"be":[182],"expected":[183],"suit":[185],"real":[186],"world":[187],"applications":[188],"such":[189],"as":[190],"detecting":[191],"coarse-grained":[192],"sediments":[193],"infrastructure":[195],"construction.":[196],"wall-to-wall":[198],"predictor":[199],"study":[203],"demonstrated.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
