{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2510449154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8080675","title":"Ground Subsidence in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region from 1992 to 2014 Revealed by Multiple SAR Stacks","display_name":"Ground Subsidence in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region from 1992 to 2014 Revealed by Multiple SAR Stacks","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2510449154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8080675","mag":"2510449154"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8080675","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8080675","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/8/675/pdf?version=1471683249","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/8/675/pdf?version=1471683249","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113504613","display_name":"Yonghong Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yonghong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100709665","display_name":"Hongan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1958-5654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong\u2019an Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112174053","display_name":"Yonghui Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghui Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071973607","display_name":"Chuanguang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8219-0327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121296143","display_name":"Hunan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02m9vrb24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuanguang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Clean-utilization and Mine Environment, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Changsha 411201, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Clean-utilization and Mine Environment, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Changsha 411201, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113504613"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":132.411,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99886153,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"8","first_page":"675","last_page":"675"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9613000154495239,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12543","display_name":"Groundwater and Watershed Analysis","score":0.9307000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometric-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","score":0.8505674600601196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beijing","display_name":"Beijing","score":0.8418259024620056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subsidence","display_name":"Subsidence","score":0.624052107334137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-subsidence","display_name":"Ground subsidence","score":0.5656539797782898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5154298543930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.5135045647621155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4163425862789154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.4019731879234314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3609192371368408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.26308321952819824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2499963343143463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.24030229449272156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mining-engineering","display_name":"Mining engineering","score":0.15841704607009888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.10944068431854248}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22286887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666056","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","level":3,"score":0.8505674600601196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778304055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657474","display_name":"Beijing","level":3,"score":0.8418259024620056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180851071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849953","display_name":"Subsidence","level":3,"score":0.624052107334137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993341571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849953","display_name":"Ground subsidence","level":2,"score":0.5656539797782898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5154298543930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5135045647621155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4163425862789154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.4019731879234314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3609192371368408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.26308321952819824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2499963343143463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.24030229449272156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16674752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1370637","display_name":"Mining engineering","level":1,"score":0.15841704607009888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.10944068431854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8080675","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8080675","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/8/675/pdf?version=1471683249","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:98eb4b9d46144d30834b8232f7123056","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/98eb4b9d46144d30834b8232f7123056","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 8, Iss 8, p 675 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/8/8/675/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs8080675","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 8; Issue 8; Pages: 675","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8080675","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8080675","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/8/675/pdf?version=1471683249","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2436161984","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41271430","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6058138561","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6644996938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41304010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2510449154.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2510449154.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1672745209","https://openalex.org/W1970302608","https://openalex.org/W1974249586","https://openalex.org/W2008694725","https://openalex.org/W2028370714","https://openalex.org/W2047029664","https://openalex.org/W2048494488","https://openalex.org/W2058528332","https://openalex.org/W2064723442","https://openalex.org/W2070975456","https://openalex.org/W2077927287","https://openalex.org/W2081431178","https://openalex.org/W2099008772","https://openalex.org/W2101510452","https://openalex.org/W2131322210","https://openalex.org/W2150207495","https://openalex.org/W2152657318","https://openalex.org/W2223468684","https://openalex.org/W2350814734","https://openalex.org/W2353424405","https://openalex.org/W2363881078","https://openalex.org/W2369109712","https://openalex.org/W2378679610","https://openalex.org/W3116444705","https://openalex.org/W6652582625","https://openalex.org/W6662072434"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2537969703","https://openalex.org/W2532371958","https://openalex.org/W2066613233","https://openalex.org/W3195487337","https://openalex.org/W2763339780","https://openalex.org/W2373869189","https://openalex.org/W2544461495","https://openalex.org/W2892740936","https://openalex.org/W2374745430","https://openalex.org/W2367557746"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,238,274],"coordinated":[1],"development":[2,243],"of":[3,54,73,80,84,166,185,191,201,220,241,244,277],"the":[4,19,23,74,88,103,161,169,189,192,202,207,211,242,281,288],"Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei":[5,24,104,213,289],"has":[6,26,47,61,156],"become":[7],"a":[8,78,81,96,107,256],"national":[9],"strategy":[10],"with":[11,217],"Beijing":[12,55,248],"and":[13,56,58,137,188,227,249,267],"Tianjin":[14,250],"as":[15],"twin":[16],"engines":[17],"driving":[18],"regional":[20],"development.":[21],"However,":[22],"region":[25,105,214],"suffered":[27],"dramatic":[28],"ground":[29,67,85,100,245,261,284],"subsidence":[30,68,86,101,203,246,262,285],"during":[31],"last":[32],"two":[33],"to":[34,39,65,113,128,135,142,159,206,279],"three":[35,208],"decades,":[36],"mainly":[37],"due":[38],"long-term":[40],"groundwater":[41],"withdrawal.":[42],"Although,":[43],"annual":[44],"spirit":[45],"leveling":[46,236],"been":[48,63,157],"conducted":[49],"routinely":[50],"in":[51,69,102,247,272,287],"some":[52,70],"parts":[53],"Tianjin,":[57],"InSAR":[59,147],"technique":[60],"also":[62],"used":[64],"monitor":[66],"local":[71],"areas":[72],"region,":[75],"there":[76],"is":[77,168,276],"lack":[79],"complete":[82],"survey":[83],"over":[87,106,210,263,268],"whole":[89],"region.":[90,290],"In":[91],"this":[92],"paper,":[93],"we":[94],"report":[95],"research":[97,254],"on":[98,259,283],"mapping":[99,260],"long":[108,269],"time":[109,270],"span":[110,271],"from":[111,118,126,133,140,195],"1992":[112,127],"2014.":[114,143],"Three":[115,199],"SAR":[116,124,197],"datasets":[117],"four":[119],"satellites":[120],"are":[121,215,251],"used:":[122],"ERS-1/2":[123],"images":[125,132,139],"2000,":[129],"ENVISAT":[130],"ASAR":[131],"2003":[134],"2010,":[136],"RADARSAT-2":[138],"2012":[141],"An":[144],"improved":[145],"multi-temporal":[146],"method,":[148],"namely":[149],"\u201cMultiple-master":[150],"Coherent":[151],"Target":[152],"Small-Baseline":[153],"InSAR\u201d":[154],"(MCTSB-InSAR),":[155],"developed":[158],"process":[160,171],"datasets.":[162],"A":[163],"unique":[164],"feature":[165],"MCTSB-InSAR":[167],"adjustment":[170],"useful":[172],"for":[173,182],"wide":[174,212],"area":[175,266],"monitoring":[176],"which":[177],"provides":[178],"an":[179],"integrated":[180],"solution":[181],"both":[183],"calibration":[184],"InSAR-derived":[186],"deformation":[187,193],"harmonization":[190],"estimates":[194],"overlapping":[196],"frames.":[198],"maps":[200],"rate":[204],"corresponding":[205],"periods":[209],"generated,":[216],"respective":[218],"accuracy":[219],"8.7":[221],"mm/year":[222,225,229],"(1992\u20132000),":[223],"4.7":[224],"(2003\u20132010),":[226],"5.4":[228],"(2012\u20132014)":[230],"validated":[231],"by":[232],"more":[233],"than":[234],"120":[235],"measurements.":[237],"spatial-temporal":[239],"characteristics":[240],"analyzed.":[252],"This":[253],"represents":[255],"first-ever":[257],"effort":[258],"very":[264],"large":[265],"China.":[273],"result":[275],"significance":[278],"serve":[280],"decision-making":[282],"mitigation":[286]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
