{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2465521581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8070548","title":"Discrimination between Ground Vegetation and Small Pioneer Trees in the Boreal-Alpine Ecotone Using Intensity Metrics Derived from Airborne Laser Scanner Data","display_name":"Discrimination between Ground Vegetation and Small Pioneer Trees in the Boreal-Alpine Ecotone Using Intensity Metrics Derived from Airborne Laser Scanner Data","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2465521581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8070548","mag":"2465521581"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8070548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8070548","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/7/548/pdf?version=1467111733","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/7/548/pdf?version=1467111733","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034250940","display_name":"Erik N\u00e6sset","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2460-5843"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Erik N\u00e6sset","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 \u00c5s, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 \u00c5s, Norway","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034250940"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.6113,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70314346,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"7","first_page":"548","last_page":"548"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecotone","display_name":"Ecotone","score":0.8747378587722778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6773300170898438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-scanning","display_name":"Laser scanning","score":0.6208614110946655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taiga","display_name":"Taiga","score":0.5092564821243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backscatter","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","score":0.5073975920677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altitude","display_name":"Altitude (triangle)","score":0.48736411333084106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.471633642911911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4533899426460266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boreal","display_name":"Boreal","score":0.4454101026058197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.4112119972705841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.3843415379524231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.29588139057159424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.29045993089675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2795560359954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24936601519584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1815832555294037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.1739356517791748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.13936281204223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.1190057098865509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11144614219665527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.09769198298454285}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199877563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55613","display_name":"Ecotone","level":3,"score":0.8747378587722778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6773300170898438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.6208614110946655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87621631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69564","display_name":"Taiga","level":2,"score":0.5092564821243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.5073975920677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6350597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339495","display_name":"Altitude (triangle)","level":2,"score":0.48736411333084106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.471633642911911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4533899426460266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100537666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q893477","display_name":"Boreal","level":2,"score":0.4454101026058197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.4112119972705841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.3843415379524231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.29588139057159424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.29045993089675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2795560359954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24936601519584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1815832555294037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.1739356517791748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.13936281204223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.1190057098865509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11144614219665527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.09769198298454285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778091200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42295","display_name":"Shrub","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8070548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8070548","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/7/548/pdf?version=1467111733","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:brage.bibsys.no:11250/2458075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2458075","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400255","display_name":"BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173212132","host_organization_name":"Vilnius University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173212132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"23","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e25f714c8d2745b58dfae8cbeb7c1eb5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e25f714c8d2745b58dfae8cbeb7c1eb5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 8, Iss 7, p 548 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/8/7/548/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs8070548","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8070548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8070548","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/7/548/pdf?version=1467111733","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5600000023841858},{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1642676787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"184636/S30","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2465521581.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2465521581.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W84227776","https://openalex.org/W1522194969","https://openalex.org/W1968696002","https://openalex.org/W1973523498","https://openalex.org/W1973948212","https://openalex.org/W1975971213","https://openalex.org/W1990634901","https://openalex.org/W1993383153","https://openalex.org/W1996901657","https://openalex.org/W2009289118","https://openalex.org/W2010221273","https://openalex.org/W2014447144","https://openalex.org/W2028413465","https://openalex.org/W2030574788","https://openalex.org/W2039578897","https://openalex.org/W2042891401","https://openalex.org/W2044902561","https://openalex.org/W2046759104","https://openalex.org/W2048017101","https://openalex.org/W2049297026","https://openalex.org/W2050365624","https://openalex.org/W2051116366","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2056380340","https://openalex.org/W2057712646","https://openalex.org/W2058591385","https://openalex.org/W2059495078","https://openalex.org/W2066709404","https://openalex.org/W2086179139","https://openalex.org/W2093801573","https://openalex.org/W2097337758","https://openalex.org/W2099301982","https://openalex.org/W2102810005","https://openalex.org/W2106488983","https://openalex.org/W2115001352","https://openalex.org/W2126843316","https://openalex.org/W2138973222","https://openalex.org/W2144949021","https://openalex.org/W2146974384","https://openalex.org/W2147197381","https://openalex.org/W2150279355","https://openalex.org/W2160841761","https://openalex.org/W2183570308","https://openalex.org/W2228449237","https://openalex.org/W2364050655","https://openalex.org/W2388013952","https://openalex.org/W2404198674","https://openalex.org/W2495260571","https://openalex.org/W2496387143","https://openalex.org/W6603383834","https://openalex.org/W6713172339","https://openalex.org/W6723960896"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3118867657","https://openalex.org/W2691072363","https://openalex.org/W4382456888","https://openalex.org/W2773631769","https://openalex.org/W3093150799","https://openalex.org/W2662533946","https://openalex.org/W2110503007","https://openalex.org/W193819561","https://openalex.org/W2949607277","https://openalex.org/W11644078"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"has":[1],"been":[2],"shown":[3],"that":[4,130,208],"height":[5,38,51,96,236],"measurements":[6,39],"obtained":[7,231],"by":[8,232],"airborne":[9],"laser":[10],"scanning":[11],"(ALS)":[12],"with":[13,49,170],"high":[14],"point":[15],"density":[16],"(>7\u20138":[17],"m\u22122)":[18],"can":[19],"be":[20,230,246,260],"used":[21],"to":[22,33,64,219,245,259],"detect":[23],"small":[24,88,267],"trees":[25,44,67,89,171,224,268],"in":[26,74,78,209,264,271],"the":[27,37,58,180,214,234,239,272],"alpine":[28],"tree":[29,135],"line\u2014an":[30],"ecotone":[31,77,274],"sensitive":[32],"climate":[34],"change.":[35],"Because":[36],"do":[40],"not":[41],"discriminate":[42],"between":[43],"and":[45,68,81,90,97,113,141,144,155,172,196,225,269,284],"other":[46],"convex":[47],"structures":[48,287],"positive":[50],"values,":[52],"this":[53],"study":[54,71],"aimed":[55],"at":[56,119],"assessing":[57],"contribution":[59,215,240],"of":[60,66,179,188,193,213,216,223,241,261,266],"ALS":[61,95,104,235,255],"backscatter":[62,218,256],"intensity":[63,98,217,242,257],"classification":[65,131,166,182,221,265],"non-trees.":[69],"The":[70,116,177],"took":[72],"place":[73],"a":[75,165,210,277],"boreal-alpine":[76,273],"southeastern":[79],"Norway":[80],"was":[82,128,158,199,206],"based":[83,167],"on":[84,123,168,281],"500":[85],"precisely":[86],"georeferenced":[87],"non-tree":[91,147,189,286],"objects":[92],"for":[93],"which":[94],"were":[99],"derived":[100],"from":[101,248],"four":[102],"different":[103,107,134,146,282,285],"acquisitions,":[105],"representing":[106],"sensors,":[108],"pulse":[109],"repetition":[110],"frequencies":[111],"(PRF),":[112],"flying":[114,197],"altitudes.":[115],"sensors":[117],"operated":[118],"1064":[120],"nm.":[121],"Based":[122],"logistic":[124],"regression":[125],"modeling,":[126],"it":[127,205],"found":[129,200],"into":[132],"three":[133],"species":[136,283],"((1)":[137],"spruce;":[138],"(2)":[139,156],"pine;":[140],"(3)":[142],"birch))":[143],"two":[145],"object":[148],"types":[149],"(objects":[150],"with:":[151],"(1)":[152],"vegetated":[153],"surface;":[154],"rock)":[157],"significantly":[159],"better":[160],"(p":[161,201,250],"<":[162],"0.001\u20130.05)":[163],"than":[164],"models":[169,222],"non-trees":[173,226,270],"as":[174],"binary":[175],"response.":[176],"cause":[178],"improved":[181],"is":[183,288],"mainly":[184],"diverse":[185],"reflectivity":[186],"properties":[187],"objects.":[190],"No":[191],"effect":[192],"sensor,":[194],"PRF,":[195],"altitude":[198],">":[202,251],"0.05).":[203,252],"Finally,":[204],"revealed":[207],"direct":[211],"comparison":[212],"improve":[220],"beyond":[227],"what":[228],"could":[229],"using":[233],"information":[237],"only,":[238],"turned":[243],"out":[244],"far":[247],"significant":[249],"In":[253],"conclusion,":[254],"seems":[258],"little":[262],"help":[263],"even":[275],"when":[276],"more":[278],"detailed":[279],"discrimination":[280],"applied.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}