{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2471406164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8070474","title":"Increasing the Accuracy and Automation of Fractional Vegetation Cover Estimation from Digital Photographs","display_name":"Increasing the Accuracy and Automation of Fractional Vegetation Cover Estimation from Digital Photographs","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2471406164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8070474","mag":"2471406164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8070474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8070474","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/7/474/pdf?version=1466676690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/7/474/pdf?version=1466676690","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090016650","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Coy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9608-9369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137799390","display_name":"University of the West Indies System","ror":"https://ror.org/01t20sn94","country_code":"JM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137799390"]}],"countries":["JM"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9 Coy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137799390"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044036598","display_name":"Dale Rankine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-9368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137799390","display_name":"University of the West Indies System","ror":"https://ror.org/01t20sn94","country_code":"JM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137799390"]}],"countries":["JM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dale Rankine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137799390"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103016205","display_name":"Michael A. Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5667-3659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137799390","display_name":"University of the West Indies System","ror":"https://ror.org/01t20sn94","country_code":"JM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137799390"]}],"countries":["JM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137799390"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033712178","display_name":"David C. Nielsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8240-7183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143105","display_name":"Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/0474dxd36","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4210143105","https://openalex.org/I4210145274"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Nielsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Great Plains Research Station, USDA-ARS, Akron, CO 80720, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Great Plains Research Station, USDA-ARS, Akron, CO 80720, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078571136","display_name":"Jane E. Cohen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4933-6106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137799390","display_name":"University of the West Indies System","ror":"https://ror.org/01t20sn94","country_code":"JM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137799390"]}],"countries":["JM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jane Cohen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137799390"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090016650"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137799390"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.8493,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92434835,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"7","first_page":"474","last_page":"474"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10266","display_name":"Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.7535141110420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6193748116493225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation-cover","display_name":"Vegetation cover","score":0.5911480188369751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5703318119049072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.5489330291748047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5422166585922241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.4992239475250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.46393492817878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.4583105742931366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45073240995407104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.417686402797699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.38847029209136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.25515511631965637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.25095707178115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1279962658882141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0903346836566925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.07679077982902527}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.7535141110420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6193748116493225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983732647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187997","display_name":"Vegetation cover","level":3,"score":0.5911480188369751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5703318119049072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5489330291748047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5422166585922241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.4992239475250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.46393492817878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4583105742931366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45073240995407104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.417686402797699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.38847029209136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.25515511631965637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25095707178115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1279962658882141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0903346836566925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.07679077982902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8070474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8070474","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/7/474/pdf?version=1466676690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c1ffbb55b0b64dddae2e6e97af2fd403","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c1ffbb55b0b64dddae2e6e97af2fd403","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 8, Iss 7, p 474 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/8/7/474/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs8070474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 8; Issue 7; Pages: 474","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8070474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8070474","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/7/474/pdf?version=1466676690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2471406164.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2471406164.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W178532007","https://openalex.org/W1597365326","https://openalex.org/W1892451971","https://openalex.org/W1930970760","https://openalex.org/W1994975670","https://openalex.org/W2000518020","https://openalex.org/W2001082716","https://openalex.org/W2003835955","https://openalex.org/W2011563921","https://openalex.org/W2016869485","https://openalex.org/W2018724743","https://openalex.org/W2034741717","https://openalex.org/W2036798077","https://openalex.org/W2041221361","https://openalex.org/W2046668428","https://openalex.org/W2047983473","https://openalex.org/W2048750869","https://openalex.org/W2054850005","https://openalex.org/W2063113990","https://openalex.org/W2068792798","https://openalex.org/W2069693699","https://openalex.org/W2072891706","https://openalex.org/W2073842304","https://openalex.org/W2074916007","https://openalex.org/W2076510829","https://openalex.org/W2081715923","https://openalex.org/W2081786372","https://openalex.org/W2084325791","https://openalex.org/W2127644895","https://openalex.org/W2133040625","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2134866197","https://openalex.org/W2138796667","https://openalex.org/W2139244996","https://openalex.org/W2144564014","https://openalex.org/W2160310055","https://openalex.org/W2161774355","https://openalex.org/W2188750171","https://openalex.org/W2198531813","https://openalex.org/W2217905131","https://openalex.org/W2285717070","https://openalex.org/W2526492560","https://openalex.org/W6688449247"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3162204513","https://openalex.org/W2047973478","https://openalex.org/W4295532600","https://openalex.org/W2063823869","https://openalex.org/W2067569035","https://openalex.org/W2090985514","https://openalex.org/W2371138613","https://openalex.org/W2048963458","https://openalex.org/W43109613","https://openalex.org/W2359952343"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"use":[1],"of":[2,36,45,62,69,88,98,100,113],"automated":[3],"methods":[4],"to":[5,22,65,81,122],"estimate":[6],"fractional":[7,70],"vegetation":[8,71],"cover":[9,72],"(FVC)":[10],"from":[11],"digital":[12],"photographs":[13,99],"has":[14,32],"increased":[15],"in":[16,39,95],"recent":[17],"years":[18],"given":[19],"its":[20],"potential":[21],"produce":[23,66],"accurate,":[24],"fast":[25],"and":[26,43,91,107],"inexpensive":[27],"FVC":[28,127],"measurements.":[29],"Wide":[30],"acceptance":[31],"been":[33],"delayed":[34],"because":[35],"the":[37,54,96],"limitations":[38],"accuracy,":[40],"speed,":[41],"automation":[42],"generalization":[44],"these":[46,63],"methods.":[47],"This":[48],"work":[49],"introduces":[50],"a":[51],"novel":[52],"technique,":[53],"Automated":[55],"Canopy":[56],"Estimator":[57],"(ACE)":[58],"that":[59,129],"overcomes":[60],"many":[61],"challenges":[64],"accurate":[67,118],"estimates":[68,128],"using":[73],"an":[74,110],"unsupervised":[75],"segmentation":[76,85,97],"process.":[77],"ACE":[78,115],"is":[79,116],"shown":[80],"outperform":[82],"nine":[83],"other":[84],"algorithms,":[86],"consisting":[87],"both":[89],"threshold-based":[90],"machine":[92],"learning":[93],"approaches,":[94],"four":[101],"different":[102],"crops":[103],"(oat,":[104],"corn,":[105,125],"rapeseed":[106],"flax)":[108],"with":[109,133],"overall":[111],"accuracy":[112],"89.6%.":[114],"similarly":[117],"(88.7%)":[119],"when":[120],"applied":[121],"remotely":[123],"sensed":[124],"producing":[126],"are":[130],"strongly":[131],"correlated":[132],"ground":[134],"truth":[135],"values.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-07-22T00:00:00"}
