{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2294798709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8030231","title":"Identification of Structurally Damaged Areas in Airborne Oblique Images Using a Visual-Bag-of-Words Approach","display_name":"Identification of Structurally Damaged Areas in Airborne Oblique Images Using a Visual-Bag-of-Words Approach","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2294798709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8030231","mag":"2294798709"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8030231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8030231","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/3/231/pdf?version=1457692209","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/3/231/pdf?version=1457692209","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037157287","display_name":"Anand Vetrivel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anand Vetrivel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046864745","display_name":"M. Gerke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2221-6182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Gerke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2221-6182","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014462963","display_name":"Norman Kerle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4513-4681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norman Kerle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4513-4681","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086428184","display_name":"George Vosselman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8813-8028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Vosselman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8813-8028","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037157287"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":9.8243,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98269468,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"231","last_page":"231"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7188525199890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7058331370353699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5912188291549683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bag-of-words-model-in-computer-vision","display_name":"Bag-of-words model in computer vision","score":0.5368856191635132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.519450843334198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-of-oriented-gradients","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","score":0.5099157094955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4764462113380432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.45590561628341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44878366589546204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaboost","display_name":"AdaBoost","score":0.43545791506767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4254017174243927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.413045197725296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.29956263303756714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-word","display_name":"Visual Word","score":0.2866748869419098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.18256878852844238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-retrieval","display_name":"Image retrieval","score":0.17597505450248718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7188525199890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7058331370353699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5912188291549683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167611913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884747","display_name":"Bag-of-words model in computer vision","level":5,"score":0.5368856191635132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.519450843334198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17426736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419918","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","level":4,"score":0.5099157094955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4764462113380432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.45590561628341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44878366589546204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.43545791506767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4254017174243927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.413045197725296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29956263303756714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189391414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936579","display_name":"Visual Word","level":4,"score":0.2866748869419098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.18256878852844238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1667742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10927554","display_name":"Image retrieval","level":3,"score":0.17597505450248718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8030231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8030231","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/3/231/pdf?version=1457692209","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire/ba8dd498-d5b5-4b24-8136-9065c4067517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/ba8dd498-d5b5-4b24-8136-9065c4067517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Vetrivel, A, Gerke, M, Kerle, N & Vosselman, G 2016, 'Identification of structurally damaged areas in airborne oblique images using a visual-bag-of-words approach', Remote sensing, vol. 8, no. 3, 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8030231","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:11ca3d0e8f044afd83d07df9d9fd64c3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/11ca3d0e8f044afd83d07df9d9fd64c3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 8, Iss 3, p 231 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/8/3/231/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs8030231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 8; Issue 3; Pages: 231","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:publications/ba8dd498-d5b5-4b24-8136-9065c4067517","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ezproxy2.utwente.nl/login?url=https://webapps.itc.utwente.nl/library/2016/isi/gerke_ide.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8030231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8030231","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/3/231/pdf?version=1457692209","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2294798709.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2294798709.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W140282302","https://openalex.org/W1532257412","https://openalex.org/W1540007258","https://openalex.org/W1560724230","https://openalex.org/W1965243553","https://openalex.org/W1970663765","https://openalex.org/W1980971377","https://openalex.org/W1981539283","https://openalex.org/W1991967864","https://openalex.org/W1997377028","https://openalex.org/W2002632662","https://openalex.org/W2016053056","https://openalex.org/W2016364902","https://openalex.org/W2017206151","https://openalex.org/W2027000042","https://openalex.org/W2028880308","https://openalex.org/W2032627159","https://openalex.org/W2035159498","https://openalex.org/W2038260641","https://openalex.org/W2051446435","https://openalex.org/W2055632093","https://openalex.org/W2059304719","https://openalex.org/W2059363354","https://openalex.org/W2061513831","https://openalex.org/W2064831798","https://openalex.org/W2067751945","https://openalex.org/W2075712036","https://openalex.org/W2081996146","https://openalex.org/W2097018403","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2097998348","https://openalex.org/W2104807029","https://openalex.org/W2112019442","https://openalex.org/W2112020727","https://openalex.org/W2113770960","https://openalex.org/W2118223845","https://openalex.org/W2128154306","https://openalex.org/W2130843763","https://openalex.org/W2137212860","https://openalex.org/W2141210907","https://openalex.org/W2145094598","https://openalex.org/W2149953054","https://openalex.org/W2163311420","https://openalex.org/W2322609837","https://openalex.org/W2322727693","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2950437976","https://openalex.org/W2963599329","https://openalex.org/W2997574889","https://openalex.org/W4253476270","https://openalex.org/W6605658064","https://openalex.org/W6653929823","https://openalex.org/W6674385629","https://openalex.org/W6681096077","https://openalex.org/W6683411478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3011239835","https://openalex.org/W4312534362","https://openalex.org/W2915047625","https://openalex.org/W2071599417","https://openalex.org/W2048716406","https://openalex.org/W1964725559","https://openalex.org/W2979608518","https://openalex.org/W3003960249","https://openalex.org/W2045053268","https://openalex.org/W1870444468"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"post-disaster":[1],"mapping":[2],"of":[3,16,21,39,77,98,108,122,130,145,164,221,232],"building":[4],"damage":[5,53,75,84,181],"using":[6,159],"remote":[7,22,78],"sensing":[8,23,79],"images":[9,24,80],"is":[10,56,63,106],"an":[11,229,238],"important":[12],"and":[13,45,90,113,148,168,171,176,187,192,225,227],"time-critical":[14],"element":[15],"disaster":[17,29],"management.":[18],"The":[19,103,125,205],"characteristics":[20,62],"available":[25],"immediately":[26],"after":[27],"the":[28,59,83,99,109,120,146,201,254,263],"are":[30],"not":[31],"certain,":[32],"since":[33],"they":[34],"may":[35],"vary":[36,198],"in":[37,119,214],"terms":[38],"capturing":[40],"platform,":[41],"sensor-view,":[42],"image":[43,61,101,117,143,203],"scale,":[44],"scene":[46],"complexity.":[47],"Therefore,":[48],"a":[49,70,94,128],"generalized":[50],"method":[51,71],"for":[52,116,142,180,218,253],"detection":[54],"that":[55,134],"impervious":[57],"to":[58,68,72,86,138,200,245,261],"mentioned":[60],"desirable.":[64],"This":[65],"study":[66,156],"aims":[67],"develop":[69],"perform":[73],"grid-level":[74],"classification":[76,118,182],"by":[81,241,248],"detecting":[82],"corresponding":[85],"debris,":[87],"rubble":[88],"piles,":[89],"heavy":[91],"spalling":[92],"within":[93],"defined":[95],"grid,":[96],"regardless":[97],"aforementioned":[100,202],"characteristics.":[102,204],"Visual-Bag-of-Words":[104],"(BoW)":[105],"one":[107],"most":[110,255],"widely":[111],"used":[112,260],"proven":[114],"frameworks":[115],"field":[121],"computer":[123],"vision.":[124],"framework":[126,207],"adopts":[127],"kind":[129],"feature":[131,152,190,211,222],"representation":[132,212,252],"strategy":[133],"has":[135],"been":[136],"shown":[137],"be":[139],"more":[140],"efficient":[141],"classification\u2014regardless":[144],"scale":[147],"clutter\u2014than":[149],"conventional":[150,188,209],"global":[151,189,210,251],"representations.":[153],"In":[154],"this":[155],"supervised":[157],"models":[158],"various":[160],"radiometric":[161],"descriptors":[162],"(histogram":[163],"gradient":[165],"orientations":[166],"(HoG)":[167],"Gabor":[169],"wavelets)":[170],"classifiers":[172],"(SVM,":[173],"Random":[174],"Forests,":[175],"Adaboost)":[177],"were":[178],"developed":[179],"based":[183],"on":[184],"both":[185],"BoW":[186,206,249],"representations,":[191],"tested":[193],"with":[194],"four":[195],"datasets.":[196],"Those":[197],"according":[199],"outperformed":[208],"approaches":[213],"all":[215,219],"scenarios":[216],"(i.e.,":[217],"combinations":[220],"descriptors,":[223],"classifiers,":[224],"datasets),":[226],"produced":[228,247],"average":[230],"accuracy":[231,239],"approximately":[233],"90%.":[234],"Particularly":[235],"encouraging":[236],"was":[237,259],"improvement":[240],"14%":[242],"(from":[243],"77%":[244],"91%)":[246],"over":[250],"complex":[256],"dataset,":[257],"which":[258],"test":[262],"generalization":[264],"capability.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
