{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2145243492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs71013895","title":"Optimal Altitude, Overlap, and Weather Conditions for Computer Vision UAV Estimates of Forest Structure","display_name":"Optimal Altitude, Overlap, and Weather Conditions for Computer Vision UAV Estimates of Forest Structure","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2145243492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs71013895","mag":"2145243492"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs71013895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs71013895","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/10/13895/pdf?version=1445599690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/10/13895/pdf?version=1445599690","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078436074","display_name":"Jonathan P. Dandois","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128212801","display_name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035jbxr46","country_code":"PA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I128212801"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["PA","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Dandois","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., Anc\u00f3n 0843-03092, Panama"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., Anc\u00f3n 0843-03092, Panama","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128212801"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052877871","display_name":"Marc Olano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4209-6103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Olano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County,  1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County,  1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040252399","display_name":"Erle C. Ellis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2006-3362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erle Ellis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078436074"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128212801","https://openalex.org/I79272384"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":18.9105,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":429,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99698003,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"10","first_page":"13895","last_page":"13920"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7500873804092407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.6810211539268494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altitude","display_name":"Altitude (triangle)","score":0.6351258754730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.6312389373779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.5770226716995239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.5469759106636047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5262935757637024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.5138316750526428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structure-from-motion","display_name":"Structure from motion","score":0.4717104136943817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4538770914077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.43923425674438477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.356442928314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2404976785182953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.1649205982685089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1315847933292389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.11491945385932922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.08459216356277466}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7500873804092407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.6810211539268494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6350597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339495","display_name":"Altitude (triangle)","level":2,"score":0.6351258754730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.6312389373779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.5770226716995239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.5469759106636047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5262935757637024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.5138316750526428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146159030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7625099","display_name":"Structure from motion","level":3,"score":0.4717104136943817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4538770914077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.43923425674438477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.356442928314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2404976785182953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.1649205982685089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1315847933292389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.11491945385932922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.08459216356277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs71013895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs71013895","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/10/13895/pdf?version=1445599690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9564a3d13a2649d2abc1c5ae902fad72","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9564a3d13a2649d2abc1c5ae902fad72","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 7, Iss 10, Pp 13895-13920 (2015)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/7/10/13895/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs71013895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 7; Issue 10; Pages: 13895-13920","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs71013895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs71013895","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/10/13895/pdf?version=1445599690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2360975894","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0549469","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3498192898","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DBI 1147089","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5173350955","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1147089","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8164471825","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IGERT","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2145243492.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2145243492.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W35344886","https://openalex.org/W1522525389","https://openalex.org/W1559528524","https://openalex.org/W1919235264","https://openalex.org/W1969234587","https://openalex.org/W1970487713","https://openalex.org/W1973523498","https://openalex.org/W1974315837","https://openalex.org/W1975990670","https://openalex.org/W1979144473","https://openalex.org/W1981527205","https://openalex.org/W1983277883","https://openalex.org/W1989316905","https://openalex.org/W1992396639","https://openalex.org/W1994809198","https://openalex.org/W1995602130","https://openalex.org/W2002008272","https://openalex.org/W2003979263","https://openalex.org/W2006588449","https://openalex.org/W2013968785","https://openalex.org/W2019549520","https://openalex.org/W2022591200","https://openalex.org/W2027254180","https://openalex.org/W2029058476","https://openalex.org/W2038685401","https://openalex.org/W2045505889","https://openalex.org/W2049981393","https://openalex.org/W2056769281","https://openalex.org/W2056796861","https://openalex.org/W2058146999","https://openalex.org/W2060599314","https://openalex.org/W2062264972","https://openalex.org/W2062596005","https://openalex.org/W2063712217","https://openalex.org/W2064231539","https://openalex.org/W2065447829","https://openalex.org/W2072093516","https://openalex.org/W2073956583","https://openalex.org/W2079958139","https://openalex.org/W2085520997","https://openalex.org/W2089212648","https://openalex.org/W2089648522","https://openalex.org/W2097225662","https://openalex.org/W2098747657","https://openalex.org/W2106434465","https://openalex.org/W2114456168","https://openalex.org/W2125186487","https://openalex.org/W2128133709","https://openalex.org/W2128210314","https://openalex.org/W2129201358","https://openalex.org/W2129404737","https://openalex.org/W2132054709","https://openalex.org/W2133125644","https://openalex.org/W2134420993","https://openalex.org/W2145999649","https://openalex.org/W2146037420","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2153958436","https://openalex.org/W2161467813","https://openalex.org/W2162480849","https://openalex.org/W2162842531","https://openalex.org/W2177274842","https://openalex.org/W2184923025","https://openalex.org/W2189249403","https://openalex.org/W2273297058","https://openalex.org/W2276478103","https://openalex.org/W2417248352","https://openalex.org/W2427688769","https://openalex.org/W2491899631","https://openalex.org/W2495502969","https://openalex.org/W2515616191","https://openalex.org/W2973878447","https://openalex.org/W3178473622","https://openalex.org/W4251147723","https://openalex.org/W6601389940"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376","https://openalex.org/W2922939509","https://openalex.org/W3130706162","https://openalex.org/W2811307883","https://openalex.org/W2281664702","https://openalex.org/W3089365509","https://openalex.org/W2946815544","https://openalex.org/W4213110649"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ecological":[0],"remote":[1,46,191],"sensing":[2,47],"is":[3],"being":[4],"transformed":[5],"by":[6,14,79],"three-dimensional":[7],"(3D),":[8],"multispectral":[9,53],"measurements":[10,132],"of":[11,29,35,56,63,82,117,126,154,172,182,189,197,204],"forest":[12],"canopies":[13],"unmanned":[15],"aerial":[16],"vehicles":[17],"(UAV)":[18],"and":[19,41,69,100,120,140,157,200],"computer":[20],"vision":[21],"structure":[22],"from":[23],"motion":[24],"(SFM)":[25],"algorithms.":[26],"Yet":[27],"applications":[28],"this":[30],"technology":[31],"have":[32],"out-paced":[33],"understanding":[34],"the":[36,80,83,88,170,180,186,195,201],"relationship":[37],"between":[38],"collection":[39],"method":[40],"data":[42],"quality.":[43],"Here,":[44],"UAV-SFM":[45],"was":[48,77],"used":[49],"to":[50,87,96,130,169,194],"produce":[51],"3D":[52],"point":[54,164],"clouds":[55],"Temperate":[57],"Deciduous":[58],"forests":[59],"at":[60,114],"different":[61,115],"levels":[62,116],"UAV":[64],"altitude,":[65,119],"image":[66,70,101,159,183],"overlap,":[67],"weather,":[68],"processing.":[71],"Error":[72],"in":[73,98,111,163],"canopy":[74,84,127],"height":[75,85,112,128],"estimates":[76,125],"explained":[78],"alignment":[81],"model":[86,91],"digital":[89],"terrain":[90],"(R2":[92,133,142],"=":[93,134,137,143,146],"0.81)":[94],"due":[95],"differences":[97,108],"lighting":[99,156],"overlap.":[102,122],"Accounting":[103],"for":[104],"this,":[105],"no":[106],"significant":[107],"were":[109,149],"observed":[110],"error":[113],"lighting,":[118],"side":[121],"Overall,":[123],"accurate":[124],"compared":[129],"field":[131],"0.86,":[135],"RMSE":[136,145],"3.6":[138],"m)":[139,148],"LIDAR":[141],"0.99,":[144],"3.0":[147],"obtained":[150],"under":[151],"optimal":[152],"conditions":[153],"clear":[155],"high":[158],"overlap":[160],"(&gt;80%).":[161],"Variation":[162],"cloud":[165],"quality":[166],"appeared":[167],"related":[168],"behavior":[171],"SFM":[173,190],"\u2018image":[174],"features\u2019.":[175],"Future":[176],"research":[177],"should":[178],"consider":[179],"role":[181],"features":[184],"as":[185],"fundamental":[187],"unit":[188],"sensing,":[192],"akin":[193],"pixel":[196],"optical":[198],"imaging":[199],"laser":[202],"pulse":[203],"LIDAR.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
