{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1601548623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70708416","title":"A Robust Fuzzy Neural Network Model for Soil Lead Estimation from Spectral Features","display_name":"A Robust Fuzzy Neural Network Model for Soil Lead Estimation from Spectral Features","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1601548623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70708416","mag":"1601548623"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs70708416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70708416","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/7/8416/pdf?version=1435573769","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/7/8416/pdf?version=1435573769","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021395764","display_name":"Rohollah Goodarzi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80543232","display_name":"K.N.Toosi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0433abe34","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80543232"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohollah Goodarzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, K.N.Toosi University of Technology,  Tehran 19667-15433, Iran","Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19667-15433, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, K.N.Toosi University of Technology,  Tehran 19667-15433, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80543232"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19667-15433, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80543232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035918055","display_name":"Mehdi Mokhtarzade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3615-3151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80543232","display_name":"K.N.Toosi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0433abe34","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80543232"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Mokhtarzade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, K.N.Toosi University of Technology,  Tehran 19667-15433, Iran","Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19667-15433, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, K.N.Toosi University of Technology,  Tehran 19667-15433, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80543232"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19667-15433, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80543232"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058741879","display_name":"Mohammad Javad Valadan Zoej","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4325-8741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80543232","display_name":"K.N.Toosi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0433abe34","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80543232"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Zoej","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, K.N.Toosi University of Technology,  Tehran 19667-15433, Iran","Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19667-15433, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, K.N.Toosi University of Technology,  Tehran 19667-15433, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80543232"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19667-15433, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80543232"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035918055"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80543232"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.2477,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54496442,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"7","first_page":"8416","last_page":"8435"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6755509972572327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partial-least-squares-regression","display_name":"Partial least squares regression","score":0.5532962083816528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.5429551005363464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.4990973472595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49584445357322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-regression","display_name":"Linear regression","score":0.48129358887672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.47903409600257874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38064810633659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3452206254005432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3404933214187622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-system","display_name":"Biological system","score":0.3336588144302368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3212549388408661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.28506362438201904}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6755509972572327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22354355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422009","display_name":"Partial least squares regression","level":2,"score":0.5532962083816528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.5429551005363464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.4990973472595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49584445357322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.48129358887672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.47903409600257874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38064810633659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3452206254005432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3404933214187622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.3336588144302368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3212549388408661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.28506362438201904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs70708416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70708416","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/7/8416/pdf?version=1435573769","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ec7bdc30158f4b2eb9f6f29a0de2eab1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ec7bdc30158f4b2eb9f6f29a0de2eab1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 7, Iss 7, Pp 8416-8435 (2015)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/7/7/8416/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs70708416","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 7; Issue 7; Pages: 8416-8435","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs70708416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70708416","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/7/8416/pdf?version=1435573769","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1601548623.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528140509","https://openalex.org/W1529972356","https://openalex.org/W1974903134","https://openalex.org/W1975248325","https://openalex.org/W1976251851","https://openalex.org/W1979020086","https://openalex.org/W1983188045","https://openalex.org/W1987760411","https://openalex.org/W1988898310","https://openalex.org/W1998053851","https://openalex.org/W1999048942","https://openalex.org/W2019207321","https://openalex.org/W2031430782","https://openalex.org/W2073503722","https://openalex.org/W2076961568","https://openalex.org/W2079325629","https://openalex.org/W2079948207","https://openalex.org/W2080545724","https://openalex.org/W2084509333","https://openalex.org/W2089646994","https://openalex.org/W2104487864","https://openalex.org/W2108630796","https://openalex.org/W2116273223","https://openalex.org/W2136033819","https://openalex.org/W2136552966","https://openalex.org/W2153126595","https://openalex.org/W2158099598","https://openalex.org/W2158863190","https://openalex.org/W2171853312","https://openalex.org/W2182729479","https://openalex.org/W2253589641","https://openalex.org/W2755868945","https://openalex.org/W2797532987","https://openalex.org/W6643672390","https://openalex.org/W6679951885","https://openalex.org/W6686248142","https://openalex.org/W6744589699"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021174884","https://openalex.org/W2192745683","https://openalex.org/W2394208570","https://openalex.org/W2022383765","https://openalex.org/W2429686810","https://openalex.org/W2371059786","https://openalex.org/W2610868774","https://openalex.org/W4399767649","https://openalex.org/W2092994918","https://openalex.org/W31220157"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Soil":[0],"lead":[1,75],"content":[2],"is":[3,40],"an":[4,66],"important":[5],"parameter":[6],"in":[7,37,144,181],"environmental":[8],"and":[9,48,68,122,170],"industrial":[10],"applications.":[11],"Chemical":[12],"analysis,":[13],"the":[14,38,96,168,173,176],"most":[15],"commonly":[16],"method":[17,39],"for":[18,198],"studying":[19],"soil":[20,27,74,102],"samples,":[21],"are":[22,52],"costly,":[23],"however":[24],"application":[25,152],"of":[26,60,99,142,153,175,183,189,194],"spectroscopy":[28],"presents":[29],"a":[30,154,160,187],"more":[31],"viable":[32],"alternative.":[33],"The":[34,58],"first":[35],"step":[36],"usually":[41],"to":[42,54,64,72,88,111,167,191],"extract":[43],"some":[44],"appropriate":[45,82],"spectral":[46,83],"features":[47,84,107],"then":[49,109],"regression":[50,70,126,184],"models":[51],"applied":[53,110],"these":[55],"extracted":[56],"features.":[57],"aim":[59],"this":[61],"paper":[62],"was":[63,149,179,196],"design":[65],"accurate":[67],"robust":[69],"technique":[71],"estimate":[73],"contents":[76],"from":[77,90],"laboratory":[78],"observed":[79],"spectra.":[80],"Three":[81],"were":[85,108],"selected":[86],"according":[87],"information":[89],"other":[91],"research":[92],"as":[93,95],"well":[94],"spectrum":[97],"interpretation":[98],"field":[100],"collected":[101],"samples":[103],"containing":[104],"lead.":[105],"These":[106],"common":[112],"Multiple":[113],"Linear":[114],"Regression":[115,120],"(MLR),":[116],"Partial":[117],"Least":[118],"Square":[119],"(PLSR)":[121],"Neural":[123,156],"Network":[124,157],"(NN)":[125],"models.":[127],"Results":[128],"showed":[129],"that":[130],"although":[131],"NN":[132],"had":[133],"adequate":[134],"accuracy,":[135],"it":[136],"produced":[137],"unstable":[138],"results":[139],"(i.e.,":[140],"variation":[141],"response":[143],"different":[145],"runs).":[146],"This":[147],"problem":[148],"addressed":[150],"with":[151,159],"Fuzzy":[155],"(FNN)":[158],"least":[161],"square":[162],"training":[163],"strategy.":[164],"In":[165],"addition":[166],"stabilized":[169],"unique":[171],"response,":[172],"capability":[174],"proposed":[177],"FNN":[178],"proved":[180],"terms":[182],"accuracy":[185],"where":[186],"Ratio":[188],"Performance":[190],"Deviation":[192],"(RPD)":[193],"8.76":[195],"achieved":[197],"test":[199],"samples.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-29T09:21:14.243279","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
