{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1972094222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70404002","title":"The Effects of Point or Polygon Based Training Data on RandomForest Classification Accuracy of Wetlands","display_name":"The Effects of Point or Polygon Based Training Data on RandomForest Classification Accuracy of Wetlands","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1972094222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70404002","mag":"1972094222"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs70404002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70404002","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/4/4002/pdf?version=1427960816","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/4/4002/pdf?version=1427960816","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045001825","display_name":"Jennifer Corcoran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1322780083","display_name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/056vcnr65","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322780083"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Corcoran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Forestry, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N,  St. Paul, MN 55108, USA","Division of Forestry, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Forestry, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N,  St. Paul, MN 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322780083"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Forestry, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322780083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068564619","display_name":"Joseph Knight","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5846-9416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1322780083","display_name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/056vcnr65","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322780083"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Knight","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul,  MN 55108, USA","Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul,  MN 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322780083"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322780083","https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078478026","display_name":"Keith C. Pelletier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1322780083","display_name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/056vcnr65","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322780083"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keith Pelletier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul,  MN 55108, USA","Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul,  MN 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322780083"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322780083","https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077086878","display_name":"Lian P. Rampi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1322780083","display_name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/056vcnr65","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322780083"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lian Rampi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul,  MN 55108, USA","Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul,  MN 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322780083"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322780083","https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100322872","display_name":"Yan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0671-7312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1322780083","display_name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/056vcnr65","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322780083"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul,  MN 55108, USA","Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul,  MN 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322780083"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322780083","https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045001825"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322780083"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.5965,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87802893,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"4002","last_page":"4025"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.622083842754364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.5669621229171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wetland","display_name":"Wetland","score":0.5623952746391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5085436105728149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.4822143316268921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polygon","display_name":"Polygon (computer graphics)","score":0.42976146936416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.2772705554962158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.24835717678070068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.19704899191856384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1731809675693512}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.622083842754364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.5669621229171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67715294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321","display_name":"Wetland","level":2,"score":0.5623952746391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5085436105728149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.4822143316268921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190694206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276654","display_name":"Polygon (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.42976146936416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.2772705554962158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.24835717678070068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.19704899191856384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1731809675693512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs70404002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70404002","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/4/4002/pdf?version=1427960816","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3d312553d97849c0aea342a11ec7d66d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3d312553d97849c0aea342a11ec7d66d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 7, Iss 4, Pp 4002-4025 (2015)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/7/4/4002/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs70404002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 7; Issue 4; Pages: 4002-4025","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs70404002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70404002","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/4/4002/pdf?version=1427960816","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308169","display_name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/056vcnr65"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309636","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/03grvy078"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1972094222.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1972094222.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482289351","https://openalex.org/W1529043441","https://openalex.org/W1551604414","https://openalex.org/W1610015390","https://openalex.org/W1944429553","https://openalex.org/W1972544340","https://openalex.org/W1984792953","https://openalex.org/W1991475473","https://openalex.org/W1992949796","https://openalex.org/W1994256302","https://openalex.org/W1999053217","https://openalex.org/W2010062112","https://openalex.org/W2011287653","https://openalex.org/W2031366096","https://openalex.org/W2033697548","https://openalex.org/W2036632898","https://openalex.org/W2040466059","https://openalex.org/W2046736943","https://openalex.org/W2061240006","https://openalex.org/W2076834037","https://openalex.org/W2087536601","https://openalex.org/W2094361532","https://openalex.org/W2098022130","https://openalex.org/W2098653311","https://openalex.org/W2103747227","https://openalex.org/W2105757120","https://openalex.org/W2119616250","https://openalex.org/W2124571274","https://openalex.org/W2130583299","https://openalex.org/W2138499468","https://openalex.org/W2140161421","https://openalex.org/W2143296882","https://openalex.org/W2145448441","https://openalex.org/W2146357111","https://openalex.org/W2167666757","https://openalex.org/W2173333326","https://openalex.org/W2279438293","https://openalex.org/W2505820723","https://openalex.org/W2522236574","https://openalex.org/W2568312764","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2967891899","https://openalex.org/W3002444503","https://openalex.org/W3100816363","https://openalex.org/W4245539475","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6648708899","https://openalex.org/W6681705545","https://openalex.org/W6727332709"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381193838","https://openalex.org/W2383007022","https://openalex.org/W1995429609","https://openalex.org/W2367678540","https://openalex.org/W2376642692","https://openalex.org/W1992980705","https://openalex.org/W2388744186","https://openalex.org/W2355754934","https://openalex.org/W1537861260","https://openalex.org/W2513447698"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wetlands":[0],"are":[1,27,138],"dynamic":[2],"in":[3,22,105,113],"space":[4],"and":[5,17,37,56,118,128,159,171,174],"time,":[6],"providing":[7],"varying":[8],"ecosystem":[9,86],"services.":[10],"Field":[11],"reference":[12,63],"data":[13,64],"for":[14,75,95,101],"both":[15],"training":[16,96,153],"assessment":[18],"of":[19,25,50,69,87,189],"wetland":[20],"inventories":[21],"the":[23,70,85,110,126,134,142,149,156,160,187,190],"State":[24],"Minnesota":[26],"typically":[28],"collected":[29],"as":[30],"GPS":[31],"points":[32],"over":[33],"wide":[34],"geographical":[35],"areas":[36],"at":[38],"infrequent":[39],"intervals.":[40],"This":[41],"status-quo":[42],"makes":[43],"it":[44],"difficult":[45],"to":[46,58,79,140,186],"keep":[47],"updated":[48],"maps":[49],"wetlands":[51],"with":[52],"adequate":[53],"accuracy,":[54],"efficiency,":[55],"consistency":[57],"monitor":[59],"change.":[60],"Furthermore,":[61],"point":[62,80,179],"may":[65],"not":[66],"be":[67],"representative":[68],"prevailing":[71],"land":[72,98],"cover":[73,99],"type":[74],"an":[76],"area,":[77],"due":[78],"location":[81],"or":[82],"heterogeneity":[83],"within":[84],"interest.":[88],"In":[89],"this":[90],"research,":[91],"we":[92],"present":[93],"techniques":[94],"a":[97],"classification":[100],"two":[102],"study":[103],"sites":[104],"different":[106],"ecoregions":[107],"by":[108],"implementing":[109],"RandomForest":[111],"classifier":[112],"three":[114],"ways:":[115],"(1)":[116],"field":[117],"photo":[119],"interpreted":[120],"points;":[121,127],"(2)":[122],"fixed":[123],"window":[124],"surrounding":[125],"(3)":[129],"image":[130,150],"objects":[131],"that":[132,148,184],"intersect":[133],"points.":[135],"Additional":[136],"assessments":[137],"made":[139],"identify":[141],"key":[143],"input":[144],"variables.":[145],"We":[146],"conclude":[147],"object":[151],"area":[152],"method":[154],"is":[155],"most":[157,161],"accurate":[158],"important":[162],"variables":[163],"include:":[164],"compound":[165],"topographic":[166],"index,":[167],"summer":[168],"season":[169],"green":[170],"blue":[172],"bands,":[173],"grid":[175],"statistics":[176],"from":[177],"LiDAR":[178],"cloud":[180],"data,":[181],"especially":[182],"those":[183],"relate":[185],"height":[188],"return.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}