{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003490955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70100488","title":"Soil Salinity Retrieval from Advanced Multi-Spectral Sensor with Partial Least Square Regression","display_name":"Soil Salinity Retrieval from Advanced Multi-Spectral Sensor with Partial Least Square Regression","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003490955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70100488","mag":"2003490955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs70100488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70100488","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/1/488/pdf?version=1420546505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/1/488/pdf?version=1420546505","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004191746","display_name":"Xingwang Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0099-1839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134482","display_name":"Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology","ror":"https://ror.org/03k6r8t20","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210134482"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingwang Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,  No. 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China","Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,  No. 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134482"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134482","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048105342","display_name":"Yuanbo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8780-927X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134482","display_name":"Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology","ror":"https://ror.org/03k6r8t20","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210134482"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuanbo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,  No. 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China","Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8780-927X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,  No. 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134482"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134482","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065119999","display_name":"Jinmei Tao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141685","display_name":"Nanjing Surveying and Mapping Research Institute (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/042t78q04","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141685"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinmei Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Provincial Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, No. 75 West Beijing Road,  Nanjing 210013, China","Jiangsu Provincial Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, No. 75 West Beijing Road, Nanjing 210013, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Provincial Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, No. 75 West Beijing Road,  Nanjing 210013, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141685"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Provincial Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, No. 75 West Beijing Road, Nanjing 210013, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008438451","display_name":"Yongling Weng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongling Weng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Surveying and Mapping Department, School of Transportation, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surveying and Mapping Department, School of Transportation, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048105342"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210134482"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":5.835,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":111,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95879804,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"488","last_page":"511"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.967199981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9351000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partial-least-squares-regression","display_name":"Partial least squares regression","score":0.44513967633247375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.4440559446811676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4255276024341583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.40772485733032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-science","display_name":"Soil science","score":0.3272371292114258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3092133402824402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.24018776416778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23599088191986084}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22354355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422009","display_name":"Partial least squares regression","level":2,"score":0.44513967633247375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.4440559446811676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4255276024341583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.40772485733032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.3272371292114258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3092133402824402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.24018776416778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23599088191986084}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs70100488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70100488","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/1/488/pdf?version=1420546505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a60d8d27586841898997f95a9daf560f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a60d8d27586841898997f95a9daf560f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 488-511 (2015)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/7/1/488/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs70100488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 7; Issue 1; Pages: 488-511","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs70100488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70100488","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/1/488/pdf?version=1420546505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1855375228","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 41171272","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2292813554","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u975e\u53d8\u50cf\u5143\u65f6\u76f8\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u9065\u611f\u6570\u636e\u8f90\u5c04\u6821\u6b63\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"41171272","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5372573121","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41471352","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324852","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2003490955.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2003490955.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W605490654","https://openalex.org/W1604800344","https://openalex.org/W1606445564","https://openalex.org/W1772733177","https://openalex.org/W1967145389","https://openalex.org/W1968696578","https://openalex.org/W1969121951","https://openalex.org/W1972492195","https://openalex.org/W1976289996","https://openalex.org/W1977066218","https://openalex.org/W1979204143","https://openalex.org/W1980746896","https://openalex.org/W1984638002","https://openalex.org/W1987633837","https://openalex.org/W1991039337","https://openalex.org/W1991571253","https://openalex.org/W1995843625","https://openalex.org/W2005471402","https://openalex.org/W2018894813","https://openalex.org/W2020456298","https://openalex.org/W2025228526","https://openalex.org/W2028340789","https://openalex.org/W2033524202","https://openalex.org/W2035549557","https://openalex.org/W2040611841","https://openalex.org/W2043272923","https://openalex.org/W2043359577","https://openalex.org/W2046927613","https://openalex.org/W2059554045","https://openalex.org/W2062594147","https://openalex.org/W2066091240","https://openalex.org/W2071688469","https://openalex.org/W2073503722","https://openalex.org/W2073865573","https://openalex.org/W2079687779","https://openalex.org/W2081968183","https://openalex.org/W2098594592","https://openalex.org/W2102068507","https://openalex.org/W2104487864","https://openalex.org/W2106820920","https://openalex.org/W2114824682","https://openalex.org/W2116395914","https://openalex.org/W2117706739","https://openalex.org/W2118813873","https://openalex.org/W2124873064","https://openalex.org/W2125343954","https://openalex.org/W2129471536","https://openalex.org/W2139709933","https://openalex.org/W2147804965","https://openalex.org/W2157209451","https://openalex.org/W2158293206","https://openalex.org/W2170956682","https://openalex.org/W2176709104","https://openalex.org/W2326446018","https://openalex.org/W2340039430","https://openalex.org/W2364481905","https://openalex.org/W2478631177","https://openalex.org/W2481481493","https://openalex.org/W6703589727"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989457222","https://openalex.org/W2158863190","https://openalex.org/W2770989956","https://openalex.org/W2359803370","https://openalex.org/W4386765169","https://openalex.org/W4395700389","https://openalex.org/W2021174884","https://openalex.org/W2192745683","https://openalex.org/W2394208570","https://openalex.org/W4381136829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Improper":[0],"use":[1],"of":[2,16,33,63,99,103,117,162,169,201,224],"land":[3],"resources":[4],"may":[5,179],"result":[6,180],"in":[7,20,52,227],"severe":[8],"soil":[9,17,40,47,72,84,93,163,229,242],"salinization.":[10],"Timely":[11],"monitoring":[12],"and":[13,31,46,66,86,111,124,148,248],"early":[14],"warning":[15],"salinity":[18,48,85,94,138,144,152,230,243],"is":[19,236],"urgent":[21],"need":[22],"for":[23,38,71,141,175,216,239],"sustainable":[24],"development.":[25],"This":[26,235],"paper":[27],"addresses":[28],"the":[29,53,61,160,176,212,217,222],"possibility":[30],"potential":[32],"Advanced":[34],"Land":[35],"Imager":[36],"(ALI)":[37],"mapping":[39,244],"salinity.":[41,73],"In":[42],"situ":[43],"field":[44,88],"spectra":[45],"data":[49,182],"were":[50],"collected":[51],"Yellow":[54],"River":[55],"Delta,":[56],"China.":[57],"Statistical":[58],"analysis":[59,189],"demonstrated":[60],"importance":[62],"ALI":[64,135],"blue":[65],"near":[67],"infrared":[68],"(NIR)":[69],"bands":[70],"A":[74],"partial":[75],"least":[76],"square":[77,114],"regression":[78],"(PLSR)":[79],"model":[80,91,128,186,226],"was":[81,129,139,210],"established":[82],"between":[83],"ALI-convolved":[87],"spectra.":[89],"The":[90,127,156,172],"estimated":[92],"with":[95,159,165,245],"a":[96,166,197],"R2":[97],"(coefficient":[98],"determination),":[100],"RPD":[101],"(ratio":[102],"prediction":[104],"to":[105,132,196],"deviation),":[106],"bias,":[107],"standard":[108],"deviation":[109],"(SD)":[110],"root":[112],"mean":[113],"error":[115],"(RMSE)":[116],"0.749,":[118],"3.584,":[119],"0.036":[120],"g\u2219kg\u22121,":[121],"0.778":[122],"g\u2219kg\u22121":[123],"0.779":[125],"g\u2219kg\u22121.":[126,171,203],"then":[130],"applied":[131],"atmospherically":[133],"corrected":[134],"data.":[136],"Soil":[137],"underestimated":[140],"moderately":[142],"(soil":[143,151],"within":[145,206],"2\u20134":[146],"g\u2219kg\u22121)":[147,154],"highly":[149],"saline":[150],">4":[153],"soils.":[155],"underestimates":[157],"increased":[158],"degree":[161],"salinization,":[164],"maximum":[167],"value":[168],"~4":[170],"major":[173,213],"contribution":[174],"underestimation":[177],"(>80%)":[178],"from":[181,231],"inaccuracy":[183],"other":[184],"than":[185],"ineffectiveness.":[187],"Uncertainty":[188],"confirmed":[190],"that":[191],"improper":[192],"atmospheric":[193],"correction":[194],"contributed":[195],"very":[198,237],"conservative":[199],"uncertainty":[200],"1.3":[202],"Field":[204],"sampling":[205],"remote":[207],"sensing":[208],"pixels":[209],"probably":[211],"source":[214],"responsible":[215],"underestimation.":[218],"Our":[219],"study":[220],"demonstrates":[221],"effectiveness":[223],"PLSR":[225],"retrieving":[228],"new-generation":[232],"multi-spectral":[233],"sensors.":[234],"valuable":[238],"achieving":[240],"worldwide":[241],"low":[246],"cost":[247],"considerable":[249],"accuracy.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}