{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2081286693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs61212037","title":"Feature Learning Based Approach for Weed Classification Using High Resolution Aerial Images from a Digital Camera Mounted on a UAV","display_name":"Feature Learning Based Approach for Weed Classification Using High Resolution Aerial Images from a Digital Camera Mounted on a UAV","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2081286693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs61212037","mag":"2081286693"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs61212037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs61212037","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/12/12037/pdf?version=1417601814","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/12/12037/pdf?version=1417601814","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052449193","display_name":"Calvin Hung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127558","display_name":"Australian Centre for Robotic Vision","ror":"https://ror.org/02zv9xv82","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127558"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Calvin Hung","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Australian Centre for Field Robotics, University of Sydney, The Rose Street Building J04, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Australian Centre for Field Robotics, University of Sydney, The Rose Street Building J04, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127558","https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023112824","display_name":"Zhe Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1274-427X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127558","display_name":"Australian Centre for Robotic Vision","ror":"https://ror.org/02zv9xv82","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127558"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Australian Centre for Field Robotics, University of Sydney, The Rose Street Building J04, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Australian Centre for Field Robotics, University of Sydney, The Rose Street Building J04, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127558","https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004268965","display_name":"Salah Sukkarieh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1173-9268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127558","display_name":"Australian Centre for Robotic Vision","ror":"https://ror.org/02zv9xv82","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127558"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salah Sukkarieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Australian Centre for Field Robotics, University of Sydney, The Rose Street Building J04, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Australian Centre for Field Robotics, University of Sydney, The Rose Street Building J04, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127558","https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052449193"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602","https://openalex.org/I4210127558"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":14.9,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":173,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98944159,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"12","first_page":"12037","last_page":"12054"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9801999926567078,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.772608757019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7066627144813538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6206883192062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-survey","display_name":"Aerial survey","score":0.5320528149604797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47672906517982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.46817153692245483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weed","display_name":"Weed","score":0.4405896067619324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-image","display_name":"Aerial image","score":0.4150873124599457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.40049564838409424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39857012033462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.10411298274993896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.0842294692993164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.772608757019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7066627144813538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6206883192062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176262533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688034","display_name":"Aerial survey","level":2,"score":0.5320528149604797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47672906517982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.46817153692245483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775891814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101879","display_name":"Weed","level":2,"score":0.4405896067619324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776429412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688011","display_name":"Aerial image","level":3,"score":0.4150873124599457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.40049564838409424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39857012033462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.10411298274993896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0842294692993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs61212037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs61212037","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/12/12037/pdf?version=1417601814","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d2452b880d764cb5a2e6f0d2b444d0ea","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d2452b880d764cb5a2e6f0d2b444d0ea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 6, Iss 12, Pp 12037-12054 (2014)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/6/12/12037/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs61212037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 6; Issue 12; Pages: 12037-12054","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs61212037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs61212037","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/12/12037/pdf?version=1417601814","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320966","display_name":"University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323141","display_name":"Australian Centre for Field Robotics","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2081286693.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2081286693.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W88057768","https://openalex.org/W624948584","https://openalex.org/W1484228140","https://openalex.org/W1504116408","https://openalex.org/W1573897183","https://openalex.org/W1599928667","https://openalex.org/W1624854622","https://openalex.org/W1965208057","https://openalex.org/W1972119192","https://openalex.org/W1973724465","https://openalex.org/W1978617972","https://openalex.org/W1998997260","https://openalex.org/W2006368361","https://openalex.org/W2011325105","https://openalex.org/W2023082882","https://openalex.org/W2063623478","https://openalex.org/W2080091930","https://openalex.org/W2103128941","https://openalex.org/W2105728138","https://openalex.org/W2108082645","https://openalex.org/W2110798204","https://openalex.org/W2123935991","https://openalex.org/W2130794122","https://openalex.org/W2133257461","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2148878936","https://openalex.org/W2150664932","https://openalex.org/W2150856297","https://openalex.org/W2153342908","https://openalex.org/W2162600997","https://openalex.org/W2162931300","https://openalex.org/W2168583588","https://openalex.org/W2172174689","https://openalex.org/W2184852195","https://openalex.org/W2291076239","https://openalex.org/W2982492731","https://openalex.org/W3015384695","https://openalex.org/W3083374749","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W4249293656","https://openalex.org/W6635673862","https://openalex.org/W6675897241","https://openalex.org/W6676481782","https://openalex.org/W6679718588","https://openalex.org/W6682303744","https://openalex.org/W6696733158","https://openalex.org/W6769786204"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989735375","https://openalex.org/W2487965249","https://openalex.org/W4403024694","https://openalex.org/W2386046054","https://openalex.org/W2372478594","https://openalex.org/W2382740786","https://openalex.org/W2388736540","https://openalex.org/W2365718924","https://openalex.org/W2990817465","https://openalex.org/W2054681702"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"development":[1],"of":[2,38,46,105,131,148,156,163,205,236],"low-cost":[3],"unmanned":[4],"aerial":[5],"vehicles":[6],"(UAVs)":[7],"and":[8,36,63,76,165,177,214],"light":[9],"weight":[10],"imaging":[11],"sensors":[12],"has":[13,28],"resulted":[14,226],"in":[15,18,207,227],"significant":[16,26,67],"interest":[17,164],"their":[19],"use":[20],"for":[21,70,128,153],"remote":[22],"sensing":[23],"applications.":[24],"While":[25],"attention":[27],"been":[29],"paid":[30],"to":[31,92,102,113,144,172,181,199,238],"the":[32,44,94,103,129,154,161,174,179,228],"collection,":[33],"calibration,":[34],"registration":[35],"mosaicking":[37],"data":[39,48,61,120],"collected":[40],"from":[41],"small":[42,132],"UAVs,":[43],"interpretation":[45],"these":[47],"into":[49],"semantically":[50],"meaningful":[51],"information":[52],"can":[53,118],"still":[54],"be":[55],"a":[56,146,182],"laborious":[57],"task.":[58],"A":[59],"standard":[60],"collection":[62],"classification":[64,104,130,201],"work-flow":[65],"requires":[66],"manual":[68,95],"effort":[69,96],"segment":[71],"size":[72],"tuning,":[73],"feature":[74,90,142],"selection":[75],"rule-based":[77],"classifier":[78,185,230],"design.":[79],"In":[80,137],"this":[81,100,114,138],"paper,":[82,139],"we":[83,140],"propose":[84],"an":[85,188],"alternative":[86],"learning-based":[87],"approach":[88,198],"using":[89],"learning":[91,143],"minimise":[93],"required.":[97],"We":[98,195],"apply":[99,141],"system":[101],"invasive":[106],"weed":[107,135,192,200],"species.":[108],"Small":[109],"UAVs":[110],"are":[111,170],"suited":[112],"application,":[115],"as":[116,191],"they":[117],"collect":[119],"at":[121,223],"high":[122],"spatial":[123],"resolutions,":[124],"which":[125],"is":[126],"essential":[127],"or":[133,193],"localised":[134],"outbreaks.":[136],"generate":[145],"bank":[147],"image":[149,175,189],"filters":[150],"that":[151,158,186,220],"allows":[152],"extraction":[155],"features":[157,169],"discriminate":[159],"between":[160],"weeds":[162,204],"background":[166],"objects.":[167],"These":[168],"pooled":[171],"summarise":[173],"statistics":[176],"form":[178],"input":[180],"texton-based":[183],"linear":[184],"classifies":[187],"patch":[190],"background.":[194],"evaluated":[196],"our":[197],"on":[202],"three":[203],"significance":[206],"Australia:":[208],"water":[209],"hyacinth,":[210],"tropical":[211],"soda":[212],"apple":[213],"serrated":[215],"tussock.":[216],"Our":[217],"results":[218],"showed":[219],"collecting":[221],"images":[222],"5\u201310":[224],"m":[225],"highest":[229],"accuracy,":[231],"indicated":[232],"by":[233],"F1":[234],"scores":[235],"up":[237],"94%.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}