{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012455319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6054600","title":"External Validation of the ASTER GDEM2, GMTED2010 and CGIAR-CSI- SRTM v4.1 Free Access Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) in Tunisia and Algeria","display_name":"External Validation of the ASTER GDEM2, GMTED2010 and CGIAR-CSI- SRTM v4.1 Free Access Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) in Tunisia and Algeria","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012455319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6054600","mag":"2012455319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs6054600","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6054600","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/5/4600/pdf?version=1403137394","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/5/4600/pdf?version=1403137394","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070858459","display_name":"Djamel Athmania","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095290","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Larbi T\u00e9bessi","ror":"https://ror.org/00tnac320","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095290"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Djamel Athmania","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sciences de la Terre et de l'Univers, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences Exactes,  de la Nature et de la Vie, Universit\u00e9 de T\u00e9bessa, T\u00e9bessa 12002, Algeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sciences de la Terre et de l'Univers, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences Exactes,  de la Nature et de la Vie, Universit\u00e9 de T\u00e9bessa, T\u00e9bessa 12002, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095290"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020998009","display_name":"Hammadi Achour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6364-3789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142899784","display_name":"University of Sfax","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4sd432","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hammadi Achour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole Nationale d'Ing\u00e9nieurs de Sfax, Universit\u00e9 de Sfax,  Sfax 3038, Tunisia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole Nationale d'Ing\u00e9nieurs de Sfax, Universit\u00e9 de Sfax,  Sfax 3038, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020998009","https://openalex.org/A5070858459"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142899784","https://openalex.org/I4210095290"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":6.9334,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":112,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9693985,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"5","first_page":"4600","last_page":"4620"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shuttle-radar-topography-mission","display_name":"Shuttle Radar Topography Mission","score":0.9638671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-spaceborne-thermal-emission-and-reflection-radiometer","display_name":"Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer","score":0.8760469555854797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.846556544303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6941368579864502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.5859197974205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5105310678482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.4700780212879181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.44485610723495483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2380346953868866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.20004457235336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.15547797083854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06985095143318176}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184149073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965136","display_name":"Shuttle Radar Topography Mission","level":3,"score":0.9638671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13772937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298019","display_name":"Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer","level":3,"score":0.8760469555854797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.846556544303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6941368579864502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.5859197974205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5105310678482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4700780212879181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.44485610723495483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2380346953868866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.20004457235336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.15547797083854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06985095143318176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs6054600","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6054600","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/5/4600/pdf?version=1403137394","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6f1a6f78964248de8c7a18f01218d04c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6f1a6f78964248de8c7a18f01218d04c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 6, Iss 5, Pp 4600-4620 (2014)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/6/5/4600/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs6054600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 6; Issue 5; Pages: 4600-4620","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs6054600","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6054600","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/5/4600/pdf?version=1403137394","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2012455319.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2012455319.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W29771957","https://openalex.org/W260994251","https://openalex.org/W1487596327","https://openalex.org/W1503228824","https://openalex.org/W1509035750","https://openalex.org/W1606754933","https://openalex.org/W1973151621","https://openalex.org/W1974365058","https://openalex.org/W1985145921","https://openalex.org/W2002529334","https://openalex.org/W2004463761","https://openalex.org/W2007873570","https://openalex.org/W2017513919","https://openalex.org/W2027990008","https://openalex.org/W2031352482","https://openalex.org/W2055047918","https://openalex.org/W2059842332","https://openalex.org/W2060897606","https://openalex.org/W2063602793","https://openalex.org/W2074946348","https://openalex.org/W2080964045","https://openalex.org/W2100497023","https://openalex.org/W2113507863","https://openalex.org/W2115294558","https://openalex.org/W2116737991","https://openalex.org/W2118398570","https://openalex.org/W2121264346","https://openalex.org/W2132639726","https://openalex.org/W2135486659","https://openalex.org/W2141646619","https://openalex.org/W2142198950","https://openalex.org/W2143296882","https://openalex.org/W2151873435","https://openalex.org/W2163728906","https://openalex.org/W2171466305","https://openalex.org/W2171808568","https://openalex.org/W2260115378","https://openalex.org/W2333987860","https://openalex.org/W2341520973","https://openalex.org/W2417209869","https://openalex.org/W2473425006","https://openalex.org/W2504379192","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4299357386","https://openalex.org/W6643575171","https://openalex.org/W6654837419","https://openalex.org/W6679981012","https://openalex.org/W6720843302"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2469485159","https://openalex.org/W2888776212","https://openalex.org/W4294970007","https://openalex.org/W1963740472","https://openalex.org/W2027476449","https://openalex.org/W1897546656","https://openalex.org/W3135130580","https://openalex.org/W2748193501","https://openalex.org/W2149928442","https://openalex.org/W2742641449"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0,12],"Elevation":[1,13,26],"Models":[2],"(DEMs)":[3],"including":[4],"Advanced":[5],"Spaceborne":[6],"Thermal":[7],"Emission":[8],"and":[9,22,90,118,139,173,200,228,252,258,278,286],"Reflection":[10],"Radiometer-Global":[11],"Model":[14],"(ASTER":[15,72],"GDEM),":[16],"Shuttle":[17],"Radar":[18],"Topography":[19],"Mission":[20],"(SRTM),":[21],"Global":[23,101],"Multi-resolution":[24],"Terrain":[25],"Data":[27],"2010":[28],"(GMTED2010)":[29],"are":[30,41],"freely":[31],"available":[32],"for":[33,81,128,189,230,255,281],"nearly":[34],"the":[35,63,67,74,91,111,119,132,143,156,165,169,174,216,237,256,266,293,298,306],"entire":[36],"earth\u2019s":[37],"surface.":[38],"DEMs":[39],"that":[40,215],"usually":[42],"subject":[43],"to":[44,47,61,205,296,305],"errors":[45],"need":[46],"be":[48],"evaluated":[49],"using":[50,100],"reference":[51],"elevation":[52,166],"data":[53],"of":[54,66,131,148,155,219,240,248,273,301],"higher":[55,224],"accuracy.":[56],"This":[57,290],"work":[58,291],"was":[59,187],"performed":[60],"assess":[62],"vertical":[64,217,238,268],"accuracy":[65,129,218,239,269,300],"ASTER":[68,226,282,302],"GDEM":[69,283],"version":[70,86],"2,":[71,284],"GDEM2),":[73],"Consultative":[75],"Group":[76],"on":[77,137],"International":[78],"Agriculture":[79],"Research-Consortium":[80],"Spatial":[82],"Information":[83],"(CGIAR-CSI)":[84],"SRTM":[85,220,241,285],"4.1":[87],"(SRTM":[88],"v4.1)":[89],"systematic":[92],"subsample":[93],"GMTED2010,":[94],"at":[95],"their":[96],"original":[97],"spatial":[98],"resolution,":[99],"Navigation":[102],"Satellite":[103],"Systems":[104],"(GNSS)":[105],"validation":[106,158],"points.":[107,159],"Two":[108],"test":[109,235,264],"sites,":[110],"Anaguid":[112,234],"Saharan":[113],"platform":[114],"in":[115,122,209],"southern":[116],"Tunisia":[117],"Tebessa":[120,263],"basin":[121],"north":[123],"eastern":[124],"Algeria,":[125],"were":[126,151,162,203],"chosen":[127],"assessment":[130],"above":[133],"mentioned":[134],"DEMs,":[135,260],"based":[136],"geostatistical":[138,144],"statistical":[140,194],"measurements.":[141],"Within":[142],"approach,":[145],"empirical":[146],"variograms":[147],"each":[149,179,210],"DEM":[150,170],"compared":[152,304],"with":[153],"those":[154],"GPS":[157,176],"Statistical":[160],"measures":[161],"computed":[163],"from":[164],"differences":[167],"between":[168],"pixel":[171],"value":[172],"corresponding":[175],"point.":[177],"For":[178],"DEM,":[180,288],"a":[181,271],"Root":[182],"Mean":[183],"Square":[184],"Error":[185],"(RMSE)":[186],"determined":[188],"model":[190,221],"validation.":[191],"In":[192,233,262],"addition,":[193],"tools":[195],"such":[196],"as":[197],"frequency":[198],"histograms":[199],"Q-Q":[201],"plots":[202],"used":[204],"evaluate":[206],"error":[207],"distributions":[208],"DEM.":[211],"The":[212],"results":[213],"indicate":[214],"is":[222,242,292],"much":[223],"than":[225],"GDEM2":[227,303],"GMTED2010":[229,259,287,307],"both":[231],"sites.":[232],"site,":[236,265],"estimated":[243],"3.6":[244],"m":[245,251,254,277,280],"(in":[246],"terms":[247],"RMSE)":[249],"5.3":[250],"4.5":[253],"ASTERGDEM2":[257],"respectively.":[261,289],"overall":[267],"shows":[270],"RMSE":[272],"9.8":[274],"m,":[275],"8.3":[276],"9.6":[279],"first":[294],"study":[295],"report":[297],"lower":[299],"data.":[308]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
