{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2099793626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6053857","title":"A Novel Technique Based on the Combination of Labeled Co-Occurrence Matrix and Variogram for the Detection of Built-up Areas in High-Resolution SAR Images","display_name":"A Novel Technique Based on the Combination of Labeled Co-Occurrence Matrix and Variogram for the Detection of Built-up Areas in High-Resolution SAR Images","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2099793626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6053857","mag":"2099793626"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs6053857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6053857","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/5/3857/pdf?version=1403137342","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/5/3857/pdf?version=1403137342","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100368228","display_name":"Na Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4934-3330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Na Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006095323","display_name":"Lorenzo Bruzzone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6036-459X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Bruzzone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101406275","display_name":"Zengping Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2892-8252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zengping Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100453075","display_name":"Fang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5669-9354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100368228"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.2404,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89846154,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"5","first_page":"3857","last_page":"3878"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6306297779083252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variogram","display_name":"Variogram","score":0.6240066885948181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6132693290710449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5956448316574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.5216189622879028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.5147495269775391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.49560320377349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.451350599527359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4384693503379822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2605472505092621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.22372007369995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.2126162052154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kriging","display_name":"Kriging","score":0.11123576760292053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.08181983232498169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6306297779083252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154881674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2269270","display_name":"Variogram","level":3,"score":0.6240066885948181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6132693290710449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5956448316574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.5216189622879028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.5147495269775391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.49560320377349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.451350599527359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4384693503379822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2605472505092621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.22372007369995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.2126162052154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81692654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926","display_name":"Kriging","level":2,"score":0.11123576760292053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.08181983232498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs6053857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6053857","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/5/3857/pdf?version=1403137342","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7cc236e48feb4283a3015a039c774ad8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7cc236e48feb4283a3015a039c774ad8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 6, Iss 5, Pp 3857-3878 (2014)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/98486","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11572/98486","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401913","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:60528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/60528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402478","display_name":"INFM-OAR (INFN Catania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210116497","host_organization_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116497"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs6053857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6053857","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/5/3857/pdf?version=1403137342","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2099793626.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2099793626.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506896738","https://openalex.org/W1513036161","https://openalex.org/W1973135707","https://openalex.org/W1973880112","https://openalex.org/W1978598936","https://openalex.org/W2006792815","https://openalex.org/W2016943428","https://openalex.org/W2039604733","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2046130084","https://openalex.org/W2047254338","https://openalex.org/W2058172823","https://openalex.org/W2060907774","https://openalex.org/W2073146649","https://openalex.org/W2089702680","https://openalex.org/W2096349624","https://openalex.org/W2103932719","https://openalex.org/W2105350471","https://openalex.org/W2105514275","https://openalex.org/W2108701757","https://openalex.org/W2110357101","https://openalex.org/W2110748216","https://openalex.org/W2126892692","https://openalex.org/W2127227873","https://openalex.org/W2128033169","https://openalex.org/W2135228726","https://openalex.org/W2136594891","https://openalex.org/W2138484184","https://openalex.org/W2144615653","https://openalex.org/W2147246618","https://openalex.org/W2154028886","https://openalex.org/W2161848987","https://openalex.org/W2166905185","https://openalex.org/W2167522555","https://openalex.org/W2335562929","https://openalex.org/W2346443999","https://openalex.org/W6680504715","https://openalex.org/W6682395490"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031428567","https://openalex.org/W3144075325","https://openalex.org/W2374611508","https://openalex.org/W3192692000","https://openalex.org/W4205739195","https://openalex.org/W4289096177","https://openalex.org/W2380526267","https://openalex.org/W2134633420","https://openalex.org/W4255440089","https://openalex.org/W2088899772"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interests":[0],"in":[1,31,45,73,78,130,215],"synthetic":[2],"aperture":[3],"radar":[4],"(SAR)":[5],"data":[6],"analysis":[7],"is":[8,64,138],"driven":[9],"by":[10,111,140],"the":[11,17,21,38,41,67,88,113,120,126,131,146,161,171,209,212],"constantly":[12],"increased":[13],"spatial":[14,122,136,147],"resolutions":[15],"of":[16,23,40,55,66,70,85,125,142,188,200,211],"acquired":[18,187,199],"images,":[19,49],"where":[20],"geometries":[22],"scene":[24],"objects":[25],"can":[26,51],"be":[27,98],"better":[28],"defined":[29],"than":[30],"lower":[32],"resolution":[33],"data.":[34],"This":[35,104],"paper":[36,105],"addresses":[37],"problem":[39],"built-up":[42,71,89,172,176,219],"areas":[43,72,90],"extraction":[44],"high-resolution":[46],"(HR)":[47],"SAR":[48,75],"which":[50,144],"provide":[52],"a":[53,74,82,107,153,196],"wealth":[54],"information":[56],"to":[57,165,169],"characterize":[58,170],"urban":[59],"environments.":[60],"Strong":[61],"backscattering":[62],"behavior":[63],"one":[65],"distinct":[68],"characteristics":[69],"image.":[76],"However,":[77],"practical":[79],"applications,":[80],"only":[81],"small":[83],"portion":[84],"pixels":[86],"characterizing":[87],"appears":[91],"bright.":[92],"Thus,":[93],"specific":[94,121],"texture":[95,109],"measures":[96],"should":[97],"considered":[99,127],"for":[100],"identifying":[101,216],"these":[102],"areas.":[103,220],"presents":[106],"novel":[108],"measure":[110],"combining":[112],"proposed":[114,180,213],"labeled":[115],"co-occurrence":[116],"matrix":[117],"technique":[118,181,214],"with":[119,152],"variability":[123,137],"structure":[124],"land-cover":[128],"type":[129],"fuzzy":[132,167],"set":[133],"theory.":[134],"The":[135,157,179,203],"analyzed":[139],"means":[141],"variogram,":[143],"reflects":[145],"correlation":[148],"or":[149],"non-similarity":[150],"associated":[151],"particular":[154],"terrain":[155],"surface.":[156],"derived":[158],"parameters":[159],"from":[160],"variograms":[162],"are":[163],"used":[164],"establish":[166],"functions":[168],"class":[173],"and":[174,191,194,217],"non":[175],"class,":[177],"separately.":[178],"was":[182],"tested":[183],"on":[184,195],"TerraSAR-X":[185],"images":[186],"Nanjing":[189],"(China)":[190],"Barcelona":[192],"(Spain),":[193],"COSMO-SkyMed":[197],"image":[198],"Hangzhou":[201],"(China).":[202],"obtained":[204],"classification":[205],"accuracies":[206],"point":[207],"out":[208],"effectiveness":[210],"detecting":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}