{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2028400108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6010555","title":"Impact of Tree-Oriented Growth Order in Marker-Controlled Region Growing for Individual Tree Crown Delineation Using Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS) Data","display_name":"Impact of Tree-Oriented Growth Order in Marker-Controlled Region Growing for Individual Tree Crown Delineation Using Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS) Data","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2028400108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6010555","mag":"2028400108"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs6010555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6010555","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/1/555/pdf?version=1403135678","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/1/555/pdf?version=1403135678","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070956450","display_name":"Zhen Zhen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9281-4260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327163397","display_name":"State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01q1z8k08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47689461","display_name":"Northeast Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yxnh564","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47689461"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157349981","display_name":"SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry","ror":"https://ror.org/00qv0tw17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157349981"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Zhen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest Management, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University,  Harbin 150040, China","Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management,  College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse,  NY 13210, USA","Department of Forest Management, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China","Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Management, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University,  Harbin 150040, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47689461"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management,  College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse,  NY 13210, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157349981","https://openalex.org/I1327163397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Management, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47689461"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157349981","https://openalex.org/I1327163397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034853467","display_name":"Lindi J. Quackenbush","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0498-3126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327163397","display_name":"State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01q1z8k08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157349981","display_name":"SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry","ror":"https://ror.org/00qv0tw17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157349981"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lindi Quackenbush","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157349981","https://openalex.org/I1327163397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101890946","display_name":"Lianjun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3151-9764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157349981","display_name":"SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry","ror":"https://ror.org/00qv0tw17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157349981"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327163397","display_name":"State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01q1z8k08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lianjun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management,  College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse,  NY 13210, USA","Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management,  College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse,  NY 13210, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157349981","https://openalex.org/I1327163397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157349981","https://openalex.org/I1327163397"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034853467"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I157349981"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.7239,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88323308,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"555","last_page":"579"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crown","display_name":"Crown (dentistry)","score":0.6574428677558899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-scanning","display_name":"Laser scanning","score":0.6163947582244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5632672309875488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48752471804618835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthophoto","display_name":"Orthophoto","score":0.4150208830833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4137357473373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32112622261047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3070758879184723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2819676995277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1666906177997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.11357304453849792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08466506004333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06536272168159485}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778400979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143720","display_name":"Crown (dentistry)","level":2,"score":0.6574428677558899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.6163947582244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5632672309875488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48752471804618835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922585","display_name":"Orthophoto","level":2,"score":0.4150208830833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4137357473373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32112622261047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3070758879184723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2819676995277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1666906177997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.11357304453849792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08466506004333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06536272168159485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs6010555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6010555","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/1/555/pdf?version=1403135678","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a9577721ebf345d7b063d71c2bf11999","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a9577721ebf345d7b063d71c2bf11999","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 555-579 (2014)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/6/1/555/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs6010555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 6; Issue 1; Pages: 555-579","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs6010555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6010555","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/1/555/pdf?version=1403135678","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321348","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2028400108.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2028400108.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W147723833","https://openalex.org/W649977621","https://openalex.org/W1543691249","https://openalex.org/W1963576007","https://openalex.org/W1966594244","https://openalex.org/W1977023447","https://openalex.org/W1980529944","https://openalex.org/W1984839778","https://openalex.org/W1984956136","https://openalex.org/W1985364421","https://openalex.org/W1991349032","https://openalex.org/W1994434338","https://openalex.org/W2006750359","https://openalex.org/W2025234276","https://openalex.org/W2027532349","https://openalex.org/W2042891401","https://openalex.org/W2044359639","https://openalex.org/W2049840279","https://openalex.org/W2059854942","https://openalex.org/W2065258204","https://openalex.org/W2065447829","https://openalex.org/W2076712994","https://openalex.org/W2078073057","https://openalex.org/W2081597720","https://openalex.org/W2086316193","https://openalex.org/W2093082656","https://openalex.org/W2096002337","https://openalex.org/W2096579040","https://openalex.org/W2119029606","https://openalex.org/W2119709769","https://openalex.org/W2119806660","https://openalex.org/W2121748258","https://openalex.org/W2122511043","https://openalex.org/W2124483569","https://openalex.org/W2125899407","https://openalex.org/W2131058553","https://openalex.org/W2133160971","https://openalex.org/W2135679817","https://openalex.org/W2137155271","https://openalex.org/W2147555557","https://openalex.org/W2155714399","https://openalex.org/W2159105546","https://openalex.org/W2161746820","https://openalex.org/W2165044919","https://openalex.org/W2166823771","https://openalex.org/W4231210960","https://openalex.org/W6665363120","https://openalex.org/W6677483105"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017845335","https://openalex.org/W2079579338","https://openalex.org/W2057330951","https://openalex.org/W2970161704","https://openalex.org/W2383889801","https://openalex.org/W2757642491","https://openalex.org/W2604927369","https://openalex.org/W4377115513","https://openalex.org/W4298013138","https://openalex.org/W288445085"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Region":[0],"growing":[1,47,199],"is":[2],"frequently":[3],"applied":[4,145],"in":[5,92,118,146,177,200],"automated":[6],"individual":[7,99],"tree":[8,77,100,139],"crown":[9,53,78,140,189],"delineation":[10],"(ITCD)":[11],"studies.":[12],"Researchers":[13],"have":[14],"developed":[15],"various":[16],"rules":[17],"for":[18,161,196],"initial":[19],"seed":[20],"selection":[21],"and":[22,55,63,74,90,98,123,163],"stop":[23],"criteria":[24],"when":[25],"applying":[26,197],"the":[27,35,65,84,109,119,142,147],"algorithm.":[28],"However,":[29],"research":[30],"has":[31],"rarely":[32],"focused":[33],"on":[34,76,128],"impact":[36,66],"of":[37,67,86],"tree-oriented":[38],"growth":[39,69,143,153,170,176],"order.":[40],"This":[41,191],"study":[42,81,179,192],"implemented":[43],"a":[44,129],"marker-controlled":[45],"region":[46,198],"(MCRG)":[48],"algorithm":[49,149],"that":[50,105],"considers":[51],"homogeneity,":[52],"size,":[54],"shape":[56],"using":[57],"airborne":[58],"laser":[59],"scanning":[60],"(ALS)":[61],"data,":[62],"investigated":[64,83],"three":[68],"orders":[70],"(i.e.,":[71],"sequential,":[72],"independent,":[73],"simultaneous)":[75],"delineation.":[79],"The":[80,102],"also":[82],"benefit":[85],"combining":[87],"ALS":[88,136],"data":[89,107],"orthoimagery":[91,110],"treetop":[93,120,125],"detection":[94,121,126],"at":[95],"both":[96],"plot":[97,130],"levels.":[101],"results":[103],"showed":[104],"complementary":[106],"from":[108],"reduced":[111],"omission":[112],"error":[113],"associated":[114],"with":[115,182],"small":[116],"trees":[117,186],"procedure":[122],"improved":[124],"percentage":[127],"level":[131],"by":[132,180],"2%\u20135%":[133],"compared":[134],"to":[135,174,188],"alone.":[137],"For":[138],"delineation,":[141],"order":[144],"MCRG":[148],"influenced":[150],"accuracy.":[151],"Simultaneous":[152],"yielded":[154],"slightly":[155],"higher":[156],"accuracy":[157,173],"(about":[158],"2%":[159],"improvement":[160],"producer\u2019s":[162],"user\u2019s":[164],"accuracy)":[165],"than":[166],"sequential":[167],"growth.":[168],"Independent":[169],"provided":[171],"comparable":[172],"simultaneous":[175],"this":[178],"dealing":[181],"overlapping":[183],"pixels":[184],"among":[185],"according":[187],"shape.":[190],"provides":[193],"several":[194],"recommendations":[195],"future":[201],"ITCD":[202],"research.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
