{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2125410201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5062838","title":"The Performance of Random Forests in an Operational Setting for Large Area Sclerophyll Forest Classification","display_name":"The Performance of Random Forests in an Operational Setting for Large Area Sclerophyll Forest Classification","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2125410201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5062838","mag":"2125410201"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs5062838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5062838","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/5/6/2838/pdf?version=1403132465","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/5/6/2838/pdf?version=1403132465","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103128762","display_name":"Andrew Mellor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3392-3261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Mellor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint Remote Sensing Research Program, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia","School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia","Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries, 8 Nicholson Street, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Remote Sensing Research Program, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries, 8 Nicholson Street, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027885271","display_name":"Andrew Haywood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9903-8276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Haywood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint Remote Sensing Research Program, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia","Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries, 8 Nicholson Street, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Remote Sensing Research Program, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries, 8 Nicholson Street, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076872467","display_name":"Christine Stone","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801559191","display_name":"New South Wales Department of Primary Industries","ror":"https://ror.org/050khh066","country_code":"AU","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801351115","https://openalex.org/I2801559191"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christine Stone","raw_affiliation_strings":["New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, P.O. Box 100, Beecroft, NSW 2119, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, P.O. Box 100, Beecroft, NSW 2119, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801559191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071269262","display_name":"Simon Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3914-3717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103128762"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802","https://openalex.org/I82951845"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":10.3548,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":186,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98738419,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"6","first_page":"2838","last_page":"2856"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sclerophyll","display_name":"Sclerophyll","score":0.7528235912322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7433408498764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thematic-mapper","display_name":"Thematic Mapper","score":0.6500644683837891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.551021933555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohens-kappa","display_name":"Cohen's kappa","score":0.5510030388832092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thematic-map","display_name":"Thematic map","score":0.49968838691711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.49627023935317993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-inventory","display_name":"Forest inventory","score":0.48781731724739075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4790719449520111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4521194100379944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-management","display_name":"Forest management","score":0.4260753095149994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.339349627494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.2740452289581299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.19882071018218994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1782451570034027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.1442663073539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agroforestry","display_name":"Agroforestry","score":0.1397227644920349}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139518226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766271","display_name":"Sclerophyll","level":3,"score":0.7528235912322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7433408498764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775938548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1565182","display_name":"Thematic Mapper","level":3,"score":0.6500644683837891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.551021933555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163864269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107106","display_name":"Cohen's kappa","level":2,"score":0.5510030388832092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93692415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502030","display_name":"Thematic map","level":2,"score":0.49968838691711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.49627023935317993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147103442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423188","display_name":"Forest inventory","level":3,"score":0.48781731724739075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4790719449520111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4521194100379944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28631016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372561","display_name":"Forest management","level":2,"score":0.4260753095149994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.339349627494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.2740452289581299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.19882071018218994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1782451570034027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.1442663073539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.1397227644920349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4646841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13996","display_name":"Mediterranean climate","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs5062838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5062838","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/5/6/2838/pdf?version=1403132465","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.61RMIT_INST:11246944110001341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.3390/rs5062838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402074","display_name":"RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","host_organization_name":"RMIT University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7ff30c3b87f44c008ec9558a6c9fb78e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7ff30c3b87f44c008ec9558a6c9fb78e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 5, Iss 6, Pp 2838-2856 (2013)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/5/6/2838/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs5062838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 5; Issue 6; Pages: 2838-2856","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs5062838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5062838","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/5/6/2838/pdf?version=1403132465","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2125410201.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2125410201.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10529164","https://openalex.org/W40750442","https://openalex.org/W273955616","https://openalex.org/W403464894","https://openalex.org/W1525614698","https://openalex.org/W1910582249","https://openalex.org/W1977761893","https://openalex.org/W1980364378","https://openalex.org/W1990653740","https://openalex.org/W1991933965","https://openalex.org/W1999312795","https://openalex.org/W2001256577","https://openalex.org/W2030453949","https://openalex.org/W2031841476","https://openalex.org/W2033702892","https://openalex.org/W2037513227","https://openalex.org/W2041322302","https://openalex.org/W2046036663","https://openalex.org/W2051233190","https://openalex.org/W2053022485","https://openalex.org/W2059432853","https://openalex.org/W2067061972","https://openalex.org/W2069015414","https://openalex.org/W2081964130","https://openalex.org/W2083698348","https://openalex.org/W2084085956","https://openalex.org/W2089454337","https://openalex.org/W2098805041","https://openalex.org/W2102675444","https://openalex.org/W2114527611","https://openalex.org/W2120160157","https://openalex.org/W2122203277","https://openalex.org/W2124005542","https://openalex.org/W2126983730","https://openalex.org/W2132424470","https://openalex.org/W2137672989","https://openalex.org/W2139086914","https://openalex.org/W2141120444","https://openalex.org/W2145862305","https://openalex.org/W2148115499","https://openalex.org/W2154447589","https://openalex.org/W2163322479","https://openalex.org/W2163479244","https://openalex.org/W2163989191","https://openalex.org/W2338215671","https://openalex.org/W2341603962","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6610017368","https://openalex.org/W6684097702","https://openalex.org/W6703244777"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W950381369","https://openalex.org/W2788591492","https://openalex.org/W4391012289","https://openalex.org/W4243094524","https://openalex.org/W1987467516","https://openalex.org/W2960762821","https://openalex.org/W769648878","https://openalex.org/W2079278374","https://openalex.org/W2471096927","https://openalex.org/W2149267348"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mapping":[0],"and":[1,13,48,95,98,116,121,134,196,211],"monitoring":[2],"forest":[3,11,45,213,223],"extent":[4],"is":[5],"a":[6,41,135,150,167,188],"common":[7],"requirement":[8],"of":[9,24,32,44,57,112,132,138,156,169,187,200,209,220],"regional":[10],"inventories":[12],"public":[14,35],"land":[15],"natural":[16],"resource":[17],"management,":[18],"including":[19],"in":[20,179],"Australia.":[21],"The":[22,82,125,158,176],"state":[23],"Victoria,":[25],"Australia,":[26],"has":[27,68],"approximately":[28],"7.2":[29],"million":[30],"hectares":[31],"mostly":[33],"forested":[34],"land,":[36],"comprising":[37],"ecosystems":[38],"that":[39,67],"present":[40],"diverse":[42],"range":[43],"structures,":[46],"composition":[47],"condition.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51,180],"paper,":[52],"we":[53],"evaluate":[54],"the":[55,58,102,145,161,184,207,217],"performance":[56],"Random":[59],"Forest":[60],"(RF)":[61],"classifier,":[62],"an":[63,129],"ensemble":[64],"learning":[65],"algorithm":[66,84,127],"recently":[69],"shown":[70],"promise":[71],"using":[72,87,203],"multi-spectral":[73],"satellite":[74],"sensor":[75],"imagery":[76,93],"for":[77,118,144,206],"large":[78,198],"area":[79,159],"feature":[80],"classification.":[81],"RF":[83,126],"was":[85,105],"applied":[86],"selected":[88],"Landsat":[89],"Thematic":[90],"Mapper":[91],"(TM)":[92],"metrics":[94],"auxiliary":[96],"terrain":[97],"climatic":[99],"variables,":[100],"while":[101],"reference":[103],"data":[104,202],"manually":[106],"extracted":[107],"from":[108],"systematically":[109],"distributed":[110],"plots":[111],"sample":[113],"aerial":[114],"photography":[115],"used":[117],"training":[119],"(75%)":[120],"accuracy":[122,131],"(25%)":[123],"assessment.":[124],"yielded":[128],"overall":[130],"96%":[133],"Kappa":[136,151],"statistic":[137],"0.91":[139],"(confidence":[140],"interval":[141],"(CI)":[142],"0.909\u20130.919)":[143],"forest/non-forest":[146],"classification":[147],"model,":[148],"given":[149],"maximised":[152],"binary":[153],"threshold":[154],"value":[155],"0.5.":[157],"under":[160],"receiver":[162],"operating":[163],"characteristic":[164],"plot":[165],"produced":[166],"score":[168],"0.91,":[170],"also":[171],"indicating":[172],"high":[173],"model":[174],"performance.":[175],"framework":[177],"described":[178],"study":[181],"contributes":[182],"to":[183,194],"operational":[185],"deployment":[186],"robust,":[189],"but":[190],"affordable,":[191],"program,":[192],"able":[193],"collate":[195],"process":[197],"volumes":[199],"multi-sourced":[201],"open-source":[204],"software":[205],"production":[208],"consistent":[210],"accurate":[212],"cover":[214],"maps":[215],"across":[216],"full":[218],"spectrum":[219],"Victorian":[221],"sclerophyll":[222],"types.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-07T14:57:38.498316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
