{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2041281368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4061741","title":"Individual Urban Tree Species Classification Using Very High Spatial Resolution Airborne Multi-Spectral Imagery Using Longitudinal Profiles","display_name":"Individual Urban Tree Species Classification Using Very High Spatial Resolution Airborne Multi-Spectral Imagery Using Longitudinal Profiles","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2041281368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4061741","mag":"2041281368"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs4061741","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4061741","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/4/6/1741/pdf?version=1403130333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/4/6/1741/pdf?version=1403130333","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008443095","display_name":"Kongwen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7570-9805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kongwen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011464681","display_name":"Baoxin Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1858-6922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baoxin Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008443095"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.2487,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":85,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91255361,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"6","first_page":"1741","last_page":"1757"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5925450325012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5758179426193237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.5108323097229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5042291879653931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.43010926246643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4259340167045593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-inventory","display_name":"Forest inventory","score":0.4191916584968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.37935975193977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.3585500121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.3510172963142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-management","display_name":"Forest management","score":0.32019469141960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2353406548500061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14858552813529968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.08487188816070557}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5925450325012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5758179426193237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.5108323097229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5042291879653931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.43010926246643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4259340167045593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147103442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423188","display_name":"Forest inventory","level":3,"score":0.4191916584968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.37935975193977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.3585500121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.3510172963142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28631016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372561","display_name":"Forest management","level":2,"score":0.32019469141960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2353406548500061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14858552813529968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.08487188816070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs4061741","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4061741","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/4/6/1741/pdf?version=1403130333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9214549bd3264c7497748339f200d983","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9214549bd3264c7497748339f200d983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 4, Iss 6, Pp 1741-1757 (2012)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/4/6/1741/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs4061741","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs4061741","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4061741","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/4/6/1741/pdf?version=1403130333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2165548363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Canada","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8284766523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NSERC)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2041281368.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2041281368.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45164898","https://openalex.org/W1978683887","https://openalex.org/W1981897942","https://openalex.org/W1986738039","https://openalex.org/W1993167577","https://openalex.org/W1993417238","https://openalex.org/W1993956929","https://openalex.org/W1994434338","https://openalex.org/W2000768505","https://openalex.org/W2003961211","https://openalex.org/W2006284660","https://openalex.org/W2011073541","https://openalex.org/W2024685810","https://openalex.org/W2028086376","https://openalex.org/W2031126473","https://openalex.org/W2037642856","https://openalex.org/W2052328190","https://openalex.org/W2059432853","https://openalex.org/W2062379328","https://openalex.org/W2063623478","https://openalex.org/W2072708786","https://openalex.org/W2075046504","https://openalex.org/W2076865878","https://openalex.org/W2080597083","https://openalex.org/W2090459152","https://openalex.org/W2107250927","https://openalex.org/W2113689258","https://openalex.org/W2125055259","https://openalex.org/W2127609549","https://openalex.org/W2140798815","https://openalex.org/W2148115499","https://openalex.org/W2149203768","https://openalex.org/W2151843154","https://openalex.org/W2175013224","https://openalex.org/W2940343910","https://openalex.org/W4248166564","https://openalex.org/W6682024335","https://openalex.org/W7027360141"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898732673","https://openalex.org/W2074345332","https://openalex.org/W2410053581","https://openalex.org/W2383658677","https://openalex.org/W2883563055","https://openalex.org/W2765876372","https://openalex.org/W2995370404","https://openalex.org/W2208843201","https://openalex.org/W3088563418","https://openalex.org/W2166137953"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Individual":[0],"tree":[1,26,39,58,68,73],"species":[2,40,69,89],"identification":[3],"is":[4],"important":[5,64],"for":[6],"urban":[7,25],"forest":[8],"inventory":[9],"and":[10,115,128],"ecology":[11],"management.":[12],"Recent":[13],"advances":[14],"in":[15,66],"remote":[16],"sensing":[17],"technologies":[18],"facilitate":[19],"more":[20],"detailed":[21],"estimation":[22],"of":[23,37,96],"individual":[24,38,67],"characteristics.":[27],"This":[28],"study":[29],"presents":[30],"an":[31],"approach":[32],"to":[33,77],"improve":[34],"the":[35,55,79,99],"classification":[36,74,81,123],"via":[41],"longitudinal":[42,52],"profiles":[43,53],"from":[44,118],"very":[45,63],"high":[46],"spatial":[47],"resolution":[48],"airborne":[49],"imagery.":[50],"The":[51,122],"represent":[54],"side":[56],"view":[57],"shape,":[59],"which":[60],"play":[61],"a":[62],"role":[65],"on-site":[70],"identification.":[71],"Decision":[72],"was":[75],"employed":[76],"conduct":[78],"final":[80],"result.":[82],"Using":[83],"this":[84],"profile":[85],"approach,":[86],"six":[87],"major":[88],"(Maple,":[90],"Ash,":[91],"Birch,":[92],"Oak,":[93],"Spruce,":[94],"Pine)":[95],"trees":[97,110],"on":[98],"York":[100],"University":[101],"(Ontario,":[102],"Canada)":[103],"campus":[104],"were":[105,111,126],"successfully":[106],"identified.":[107],"Two":[108],"decision":[109],"constructed,":[112],"one":[113,116],"knowledge-based":[114],"derived":[117],"gain":[119],"ratio":[120],"criteria.":[121],"accuracy":[124],"achieved":[125],"84%":[127],"86%,":[129],"respectively.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}