{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978542468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4061494","title":"Application of Semi-Automated Filter to Improve Waveform Lidar Sub-Canopy Elevation Model","display_name":"Application of Semi-Automated Filter to Improve Waveform Lidar Sub-Canopy Elevation Model","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-05-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978542468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4061494","mag":"1978542468"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs4061494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4061494","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/4/6/1494/pdf?version=1403130118","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/4/6/1494/pdf?version=1403130118","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031130797","display_name":"Geoffrey A. Fricker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6310-3427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey A. Fricker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles. 1255 Bunche Hall Box 951524, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles. 1255 Bunche Hall Box 951524, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042922619","display_name":"Sassan Saatchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8524-4917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sassan S. Saatchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075083510","display_name":"Victoria Meyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3461-429X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victoria Meyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104273730","display_name":"Thomas W. Gillespie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas W. Gillespie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles. 1255 Bunche Hall Box 951524, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles. 1255 Bunche Hall Box 951524, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016688636","display_name":"Yongwei Sheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4447-944X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongwei Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles. 1255 Bunche Hall Box 951524, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles. 1255 Bunche Hall Box 951524, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031130797"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.7984,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83675556,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"6","first_page":"1494","last_page":"1518"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10266","display_name":"Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.8226430416107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7249718308448792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.6381967067718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.6071671843528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5661436319351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.5203558802604675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/footprint","display_name":"Footprint","score":0.5107934474945068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.46823590993881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.36617374420166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1549384593963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09646907448768616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.08048376441001892}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.8226430416107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7249718308448792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.6381967067718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.6071671843528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5661436319351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.5203558802604675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132943942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2562511","display_name":"Footprint","level":2,"score":0.5107934474945068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.46823590993881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.36617374420166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1549384593963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09646907448768616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.08048376441001892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs4061494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4061494","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/4/6/1494/pdf?version=1403130118","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8764eccbc0ab4f3399a503c8f6b58931","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8764eccbc0ab4f3399a503c8f6b58931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 4, Iss 6, Pp 1494-1518 (2012)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs4061494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4061494","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/4/6/1494/pdf?version=1403130118","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G223662991","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNG04GO05G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310578","display_name":"University of Maryland","ror":"https://ror.org/01r0c1p88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332377","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1978542468.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1978542468.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113910572","https://openalex.org/W600210939","https://openalex.org/W600630852","https://openalex.org/W1488946107","https://openalex.org/W1566532634","https://openalex.org/W1970135336","https://openalex.org/W1987557279","https://openalex.org/W1989401377","https://openalex.org/W1996122454","https://openalex.org/W2002257312","https://openalex.org/W2009550590","https://openalex.org/W2014179557","https://openalex.org/W2018045766","https://openalex.org/W2027781877","https://openalex.org/W2030337367","https://openalex.org/W2032771339","https://openalex.org/W2035100408","https://openalex.org/W2040120109","https://openalex.org/W2041963965","https://openalex.org/W2050401936","https://openalex.org/W2052558531","https://openalex.org/W2056769281","https://openalex.org/W2060321526","https://openalex.org/W2090874753","https://openalex.org/W2093540905","https://openalex.org/W2098593096","https://openalex.org/W2098919237","https://openalex.org/W2109191549","https://openalex.org/W2110221217","https://openalex.org/W2112188271","https://openalex.org/W2121323878","https://openalex.org/W2123148689","https://openalex.org/W2125574854","https://openalex.org/W2127458053","https://openalex.org/W2131408559","https://openalex.org/W2132413105","https://openalex.org/W2135731652","https://openalex.org/W2140175581","https://openalex.org/W2140322431","https://openalex.org/W2140853456","https://openalex.org/W2143600141","https://openalex.org/W2155260804","https://openalex.org/W2156808278","https://openalex.org/W2160025587","https://openalex.org/W2179985374","https://openalex.org/W2273297058","https://openalex.org/W2497923020","https://openalex.org/W4229665766","https://openalex.org/W4230068328","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6604576843","https://openalex.org/W6618183935"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3148155918","https://openalex.org/W2462682329","https://openalex.org/W4320725409","https://openalex.org/W2053526712","https://openalex.org/W2186192402","https://openalex.org/W2081468532","https://openalex.org/W4206741056","https://openalex.org/W1969266378","https://openalex.org/W2014835793","https://openalex.org/W3040595263"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modeling":[0],"sub-canopy":[1,231],"elevation":[2,36,233],"is":[3,120],"an":[4,75,123],"important":[5],"step":[6],"in":[7,66,70,190,209,229],"the":[8,34,88,94,116,138,152,159,179,188,201,210,214,230],"processing":[9],"of":[10,49,79,99,137,158,213],"waveform":[11],"lidar":[12,30,64,90,175],"data":[13,54,119,193],"to":[14,32,46,107,129],"measure":[15],"three":[16],"dimensional":[17],"forest":[18,50,215,222],"structure.":[19,51],"Here,":[20],"we":[21],"present":[22],"a":[23,113],"methodology":[24],"based":[25,147],"on":[26,148],"high":[27],"resolution":[28],"discrete-return":[29,89,174],"(DRL)":[31],"correct":[33],"ground":[35,91,139,164],"derived":[37],"from":[38,173],"large-footprint":[39,63],"Laser":[40],"Vegetation":[41],"Imaging":[42],"Sensor":[43],"(LVIS)":[44],"and":[45,68,87,186],"improve":[47,221],"measurement":[48,225],"We":[52],"use":[53],"acquired":[55],"over":[56],"Barro":[57],"Colorado":[58],"Island,":[59],"Panama":[60],"by":[61,183,194,206,217,226],"LVIS":[62,84,101,117,154,191],"(LFL)":[65],"1998":[67],"DRL":[69],"2009.":[71],"The":[72,96,156,197],"study":[73],"found":[74],"average":[76,180],"vertical":[77,145,181,203],"difference":[78],"28.7":[80],"cm":[81,185],"between":[82],"98,040":[83],"last-return":[85,118,192],"points":[86,102,132],"surface":[92],"across":[93],"island.":[95],"majority":[97],"(82.3%)":[98],"all":[100],"matched":[103],"discrete":[104],"return":[105],"elevations":[106],"2":[108],"m":[109],"or":[110],"less.":[111],"Using":[112],"multi-step":[114],"process,":[115],"filtered":[121,169],"using":[122,170],"iterative":[124],"approach,":[125],"expanding":[126],"window":[127],"filter":[128],"identify":[130],"outlier":[131],"which":[133,220],"are":[134],"not":[135],"part":[136],"surface,":[140],"as":[141,143],"well":[142],"applying":[144],"corrections":[146],"terrain":[149],"slope":[150],"within":[151],"individual":[153],"footprints.":[155],"results":[157],"experiment":[160],"demonstrate":[161],"that":[162],"LFL":[163],"surfaces":[165],"can":[166],"be":[167],"effectively":[168],"methods":[171],"adapted":[172],"point":[176],"filtering,":[177],"reducing":[178,187],"error":[182],"15":[184],"variance":[189],"70":[195],"cm.":[196],"filters":[198],"also":[199],"reduced":[200],"largest":[202],"estimations":[204],"caused":[205],"sensor":[207],"saturation":[208],"upper":[211],"reaches":[212],"canopy":[216,223],"14.35":[218],"m,":[219],"structure":[224],"increasing":[227],"accuracy":[228],"digital":[232],"model.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
