{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1972806173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4030682","title":"Extracting More Data from LiDAR in Forested Areas by Analyzing Waveform Shape","display_name":"Extracting More Data from LiDAR in Forested Areas by Analyzing Waveform Shape","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1972806173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4030682","mag":"1972806173"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs4030682","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4030682","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/4/3/682/pdf?version=1403129522","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/4/3/682/pdf?version=1403129522","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113450699","display_name":"Thomas R. Adams","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Adams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Metservice, 30 Salamanca Road, Kelburn, Wellington 6012, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Metservice, 30 Salamanca Road, Kelburn, Wellington 6012, New Zealand","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045113736","display_name":"Peter N. Beets","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2747-8392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091310","display_name":"Future Forests Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmefg08","country_code":"NZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091310"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Beets","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091310"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032967523","display_name":"Christopher Parrish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2681-0090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8459677","display_name":"NOAA National Geodetic Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/02f762h70","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1316690553","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I8459677"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Parrish","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Geodetic Survey (NGS), NOAA, JHC-CCOM, 24 Colovos Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Geodetic Survey (NGS), NOAA, JHC-CCOM, 24 Colovos Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8459677"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113450699"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.8257,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89078544,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"682","last_page":"702"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.7815443277359009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.7695361971855164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.628821074962616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.5781960487365723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5666722059249878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.5166580677032471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponential-decay","display_name":"Exponential decay","score":0.48678943514823914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.47857263684272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.24524104595184326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.20241302251815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.18400752544403076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1777021288871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.17743879556655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.14415213465690613}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7815443277359009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.7695361971855164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.628821074962616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.5781960487365723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5666722059249878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.5166580677032471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180188523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574576","display_name":"Exponential decay","level":2,"score":0.48678943514823914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.47857263684272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.24524104595184326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.20241302251815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.18400752544403076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1777021288871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.17743879556655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14415213465690613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs4030682","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4030682","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/4/3/682/pdf?version=1403129522","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholars.unh.edu:ccom-2074","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholars.unh.edu/ccom/1074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196362","display_name":"University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I179093154","host_organization_name":"University of New Hampshire at Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179093154"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e91c37362952427cac3487ab59d50eb4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e91c37362952427cac3487ab59d50eb4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 4, Iss 3, Pp 682-702 (2012)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/4/3/682/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs4030682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 4; Issue 3; Pages: 682-702","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs4030682","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4030682","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/4/3/682/pdf?version=1403129522","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1972806173.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1972806173.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W180676553","https://openalex.org/W190725495","https://openalex.org/W202731923","https://openalex.org/W1980403882","https://openalex.org/W2009214675","https://openalex.org/W2014091167","https://openalex.org/W2018746476","https://openalex.org/W2024991751","https://openalex.org/W2032771339","https://openalex.org/W2055314812","https://openalex.org/W2056769281","https://openalex.org/W2080157231","https://openalex.org/W2084525416","https://openalex.org/W2094605604","https://openalex.org/W2106488983","https://openalex.org/W2113488626","https://openalex.org/W2146525372","https://openalex.org/W2152904605","https://openalex.org/W2158757182","https://openalex.org/W2168281144","https://openalex.org/W2169951244","https://openalex.org/W2338899880","https://openalex.org/W2339511457","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6607382099","https://openalex.org/W6607750091","https://openalex.org/W6608328133","https://openalex.org/W6703537898","https://openalex.org/W6704055486"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W4390813131","https://openalex.org/W2349383066","https://openalex.org/W4328132048","https://openalex.org/W4308259661","https://openalex.org/W2594043982","https://openalex.org/W3036493597"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Light":[0],"Detection":[1],"And":[2],"Ranging":[3],"(LiDAR)":[4],"in":[5,119],"forested":[6],"areas":[7],"is":[8,227,243],"used":[9],"for":[10,104,162],"constructing":[11],"Digital":[12],"Terrain":[13],"Models":[14],"(DTMs),":[15],"estimating":[16,23],"biomass":[17],"carbon":[18],"and":[19,22,32,53,84,112,131,141,185,205,233],"timber":[20],"volume":[21],"foliage":[24,78,198],"distribution":[25],"as":[26,49,201,238],"an":[27,142],"indicator":[28],"of":[29,35,47],"tree":[30],"growth":[31,85],"health.":[33],"All":[34,146],"these":[36,65],"purposes":[37],"are":[38],"hindered":[39],"by":[40,57,246],"the":[41,45,54,90,120,156,175,214,224],"inability":[42],"to":[43,63,92,158,208,229,254],"distinguish":[44],"source":[46,160],"returns":[48,66,190],"foliage,":[50],"stems,":[51],"understorey":[52],"ground":[55,176],"except":[56],"their":[58],"relative":[59],"positions.":[60],"The":[61],"ability":[62],"separate":[64],"would":[67],"improve":[68,81],"all":[69,151],"analyses":[70],"significantly.":[71],"Furthermore,":[72],"waveform":[73,94,99,235],"metrics":[74],"providing":[75],"information":[76],"on":[77,174,177,223],"density":[79,199],"could":[80],"forest":[82],"health":[83],"estimates.":[86],"In":[87],"this":[88,231],"study,":[89],"potential":[91,157],"use":[93],"LiDAR":[95,100],"was":[96,117,206],"investigated.":[97],"Aerial":[98],"data":[101],"were":[102,129,262],"acquired":[103],"a":[105,125,135,168,180,186,239],"New":[106],"Zealand":[107],"radiata":[108],"pine":[109],"plantation":[110],"forest,":[111],"Leaf":[113],"Area":[114],"Density":[115],"(LAD)":[116],"measured":[118],"field.":[121],"Waveform":[122],"peaks":[123,257],"with":[124,134,167,213,258],"good":[126],"signal-to-noise":[127,170],"ratio":[128],"analyzed":[130],"each":[132],"described":[133],"Gaussian":[136],"peak":[137,188],"height,":[138],"half-height":[139],"width,":[140],"exponential":[143,216],"decay":[144,183,217,236],"constant.":[145],"parameters":[147],"varied":[148,203],"substantially":[149],"across":[150],"surface":[152],"types,":[153],"ruling":[154],"out":[155],"determine":[159],"characteristics":[161],"individual":[163],"returns,":[164],"particularly":[165],"those":[166],"lower":[169],"ratio.":[171],"However,":[172],"pulses":[173],"average":[178],"had":[179],"greater":[181],"intensity,":[182],"constant":[184],"narrower":[187],"than":[189,248],"from":[191],"coniferous":[192],"foliage.":[193],"When":[194],"spatially":[195],"averaged,":[196],"canopy":[197],"(measured":[200],"LAD)":[202],"significantly,":[204],"found":[207],"be":[209],"most":[210],"highly":[211],"correlated":[212],"volume-average":[215],"rate.":[218],"A":[219],"simple":[220],"model":[221],"based":[222],"Beer-Lambert":[225],"law":[226],"proposed":[228],"explain":[230],"relationship,":[232],"proposes":[234],"rates":[237],"new":[240],"metric":[241],"that":[242],"less":[244],"affected":[245],"shadowing":[247],"intensity-based":[249],"metrics.":[250],"This":[251],"correlation":[252],"began":[253],"fail":[255],"when":[256],"poorer":[259],"curve":[260],"fits":[261],"included.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
