{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2090858999","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4020377","title":"Tree Species Detection Accuracies Using Discrete Point Lidar and Airborne Waveform Lidar","display_name":"Tree Species Detection Accuracies Using Discrete Point Lidar and Airborne Waveform Lidar","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2090858999","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4020377","mag":"2090858999"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs4020377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4020377","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/4/2/377/pdf?version=1403129485","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/4/2/377/pdf?version=1403129485","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024129383","display_name":"Nicholas R. Vaughn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0428-2909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas R. Vaughn","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028784803","display_name":"L. Monika Moskal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1563-6506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"L. Monika Moskal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078330020","display_name":"Eric C. Turnblom","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric C. Turnblom","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028784803"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":6.7894,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":101,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96957708,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"2","first_page":"377","last_page":"403"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.8203167915344238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.6061713099479675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.49865269660949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4527358412742615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-inventory","display_name":"Forest inventory","score":0.4305158257484436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32645049691200256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.32324469089508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2717961072921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-management","display_name":"Forest management","score":0.21407797932624817}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.8203167915344238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6061713099479675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.49865269660949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4527358412742615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147103442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423188","display_name":"Forest inventory","level":3,"score":0.4305158257484436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32645049691200256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.32324469089508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2717961072921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28631016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372561","display_name":"Forest management","level":2,"score":0.21407797932624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs4020377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4020377","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/4/2/377/pdf?version=1403129485","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b82362b517d7451f8c24b555f3543b88","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b82362b517d7451f8c24b555f3543b88","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 4, Iss 2, Pp 377-403 (2012)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/4/2/377/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs4020377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 4; Issue 2; Pages: 377-403","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs4020377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4020377","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/4/2/377/pdf?version=1403129485","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310094","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2090858999.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2090858999.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W322010548","https://openalex.org/W1519293872","https://openalex.org/W1965597456","https://openalex.org/W1969607685","https://openalex.org/W1977940988","https://openalex.org/W1979678339","https://openalex.org/W1981897942","https://openalex.org/W1987534652","https://openalex.org/W1996901657","https://openalex.org/W2002765214","https://openalex.org/W2016506418","https://openalex.org/W2022576632","https://openalex.org/W2028086376","https://openalex.org/W2028716078","https://openalex.org/W2040827641","https://openalex.org/W2042891401","https://openalex.org/W2056380340","https://openalex.org/W2062379328","https://openalex.org/W2071215415","https://openalex.org/W2080157231","https://openalex.org/W2080320524","https://openalex.org/W2084291846","https://openalex.org/W2088909704","https://openalex.org/W2097337758","https://openalex.org/W2106488983","https://openalex.org/W2113388748","https://openalex.org/W2125899407","https://openalex.org/W2127086593","https://openalex.org/W2128492206","https://openalex.org/W2138060511","https://openalex.org/W2147197381","https://openalex.org/W2147302875","https://openalex.org/W2150986124","https://openalex.org/W2170608748","https://openalex.org/W2182480500","https://openalex.org/W2341833132","https://openalex.org/W2388013952","https://openalex.org/W2790353240","https://openalex.org/W6642535928"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W2351984678","https://openalex.org/W2140032575","https://openalex.org/W2011860471","https://openalex.org/W2012196540","https://openalex.org/W3011451421"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Species":[0],"information":[1,74,123],"is":[2],"a":[3],"key":[4],"component":[5],"of":[6,83,117,156],"any":[7],"forest":[8,13],"inventory.":[9],"However,":[10],"when":[11,113],"performing":[12],"inventory":[14],"from":[15],"aerial":[16],"scanning":[17],"Lidar":[18,60,71],"data,":[19],"species":[20,37,104,151],"classification":[21,30],"can":[22],"be":[23],"very":[24],"difficult.":[25],"We":[26],"investigated":[27],"changes":[28],"in":[29,48,67,138,146,153],"accuracy":[31,97,127],"while":[32],"identifying":[33],"five":[34,135],"individual":[35,87,115],"tree":[36],"(Douglas-fir,":[38],"western":[39],"redcedar,":[40],"bigleaf":[41],"maple,":[42],"red":[43],"alder,":[44],"and":[45,63,105,137,152],"black":[46],"cottonwood)":[47],"the":[49,79,125,148,157],"Pacific":[50],"Northwest":[51],"United":[52],"States":[53],"using":[54],"two":[55,149,155],"data":[56,61,66,91],"sets:":[57],"discrete":[58,64],"point":[59,65,90],"alone":[62,92],"combination":[68],"with":[69],"waveform":[70,122],"data.":[72],"Waveform":[73],"included":[75],"variables":[76],"which":[77],"summarize":[78],"frequency":[80],"domain":[81],"representation":[82],"all":[84,102],"waveforms":[85],"crossing":[86],"trees.":[88],"Discrete":[89],"provided":[93],"79.2":[94],"percent":[95,109,130],"overall":[96,126],"(kappa":[98,110,131],"=":[99,111,132],"0.74)":[100],"for":[101,134],"5":[103,119],"up":[106],"to":[107,128],"97.8":[108],"0.96)":[112],"comparing":[114,147,154],"pairs":[116],"these":[118],"species.":[120,160],"Incorporating":[121],"improved":[124],"85.4":[129],"0.817)":[133],"species,":[136],"several":[139],"two-species":[140],"comparisons.":[141],"Improvements":[142],"were":[143],"most":[144],"notable":[145],"conifer":[150],"three":[158],"hardwood":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
