{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2033466115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs3081743","title":"Collective Sensing: Integrating Geospatial Technologies to Understand Urban Systems\u2014An Overview","display_name":"Collective Sensing: Integrating Geospatial Technologies to Understand Urban Systems\u2014An Overview","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2033466115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs3081743","mag":"2033466115"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs3081743","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs3081743","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/3/8/1743/pdf?version=1403129316","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/3/8/1743/pdf?version=1403129316","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056842687","display_name":"Thomas Blaschke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1860-8458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120221655","display_name":"Research Studios Austria","ror":"https://ror.org/04ry38w69","country_code":"AT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120221655"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Blaschke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Geoinformatics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria","Research Studio iSPACE, Research Studios Austria, Schillerstr. 25, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1860-8458","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Geoinformatics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Studio iSPACE, Research Studios Austria, Schillerstr. 25, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120221655"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001747110","display_name":"Geoffrey J. Hay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7889-9859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey J. Hay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004755532","display_name":"Qihao Weng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2498-0934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86420138","display_name":"Indiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f8man71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86420138"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qihao Weng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Urban and Environmental Change, Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2498-0934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Urban and Environmental Change, Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86420138"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024678235","display_name":"Bernd Resch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2233-6926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120221655","display_name":"Research Studios Austria","ror":"https://ror.org/04ry38w69","country_code":"AT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120221655"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernd Resch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Studio iSPACE, Research Studios Austria, Schillerstr. 25, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Studio iSPACE, Research Studios Austria, Schillerstr. 25, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120221655"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056842687"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120221655","https://openalex.org/I182212641"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":4.7039,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":139,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95267962,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"8","first_page":"1743","last_page":"1776"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.895727276802063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6328061819076538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.5841479301452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.45505836606025696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-information-system","display_name":"Geographic information system","score":0.441377192735672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3796883225440979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.3790609538555145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.20252758264541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.13519859313964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11207127571105957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.895727276802063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6328061819076538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5841479301452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.45505836606025696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.441377192735672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3796883225440979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3790609538555145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.20252758264541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.13519859313964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11207127571105957}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs3081743","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs3081743","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/3/8/1743/pdf?version=1403129316","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bf3d04b7acb544c2b1eb503ab6b587db","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bf3d04b7acb544c2b1eb503ab6b587db","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 3, Iss 8, Pp 1743-1776 (2011)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/3/8/1743/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs3081743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 3; Issue 8; Pages: 1743-1776","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs3081743","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs3081743","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/3/8/1743/pdf?version=1403129316","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2033466115.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2033466115.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":141,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W29643851","https://openalex.org/W48075346","https://openalex.org/W65973184","https://openalex.org/W73349679","https://openalex.org/W91179958","https://openalex.org/W144274297","https://openalex.org/W169859714","https://openalex.org/W182267835","https://openalex.org/W397449374","https://openalex.org/W416631514","https://openalex.org/W583840041","https://openalex.org/W590641744","https://openalex.org/W642067900","https://openalex.org/W644840985","https://openalex.org/W1034043521","https://openalex.org/W1482792445","https://openalex.org/W1509870552","https://openalex.org/W1531742702","https://openalex.org/W1566608160","https://openalex.org/W1572573361","https://openalex.org/W1595172192","https://openalex.org/W1606936601","https://openalex.org/W1648556314","https://openalex.org/W1839833241","https://openalex.org/W1839938186","https://openalex.org/W1866654974","https://openalex.org/W1964772046","https://openalex.org/W1965545344","https://openalex.org/W1967466740","https://openalex.org/W1972658976","https://openalex.org/W1978386034","https://openalex.org/W1978414011","https://openalex.org/W1978663770","https://openalex.org/W1980871951","https://openalex.org/W1984792953","https://openalex.org/W1991129553","https://openalex.org/W1994881920","https://openalex.org/W1997061691","https://openalex.org/W1998538617","https://openalex.org/W2002664198","https://openalex.org/W2005307596","https://openalex.org/W2006273284","https://openalex.org/W2007615973","https://openalex.org/W2007837210","https://openalex.org/W2010797227","https://openalex.org/W2011948859","https://openalex.org/W2012994032","https://openalex.org/W2015675278","https://openalex.org/W2015830159","https://openalex.org/W2016956963","https://openalex.org/W2017562662","https://openalex.org/W2018839022","https://openalex.org/W2021775533","https://openalex.org/W2021899961","https://openalex.org/W2029109413","https://openalex.org/W2031753400","https://openalex.org/W2041454412","https://openalex.org/W2041463178","https://openalex.org/W2043714489","https://openalex.org/W2044044088","https://openalex.org/W2045527886","https://openalex.org/W2046905750","https://openalex.org/W2048892339","https://openalex.org/W2049315139","https://openalex.org/W2049926099","https://openalex.org/W2061438161","https://openalex.org/W2063721006","https://openalex.org/W2065533253","https://openalex.org/W2070993393","https://openalex.org/W2073056054","https://openalex.org/W2074256102","https://openalex.org/W2075779529","https://openalex.org/W2076720079","https://openalex.org/W2079350823","https://openalex.org/W2093061622","https://openalex.org/W2095606293","https://openalex.org/W2097326416","https://openalex.org/W2098180043","https://openalex.org/W2099839695","https://openalex.org/W2101051003","https://openalex.org/W2103379079","https://openalex.org/W2104391405","https://openalex.org/W2105536892","https://openalex.org/W2107275707","https://openalex.org/W2109742272","https://openalex.org/W2114849117","https://openalex.org/W2118338291","https://openalex.org/W2119879130","https://openalex.org/W2123524586","https://openalex.org/W2123775670","https://openalex.org/W2131889819","https://openalex.org/W2137826648","https://openalex.org/W2137958971","https://openalex.org/W2138350659","https://openalex.org/W2141646170","https://openalex.org/W2142300461","https://openalex.org/W2147002317","https://openalex.org/W2148063443","https://openalex.org/W2148100764","https://openalex.org/W2149259182","https://openalex.org/W2152640741","https://openalex.org/W2154476792","https://openalex.org/W2155148032","https://openalex.org/W2155431733","https://openalex.org/W2155497755","https://openalex.org/W2155533848","https://openalex.org/W2157299651","https://openalex.org/W2158445854","https://openalex.org/W2160771361","https://openalex.org/W2165282790","https://openalex.org/W2165577558","https://openalex.org/W2168809519","https://openalex.org/W2170063831","https://openalex.org/W2314513482","https://openalex.org/W2469308150","https://openalex.org/W2485915674","https://openalex.org/W2489829041","https://openalex.org/W2491324263","https://openalex.org/W2495502969","https://openalex.org/W2515676402","https://openalex.org/W2536145591","https://openalex.org/W2549412929","https://openalex.org/W2574379734","https://openalex.org/W2738243764","https://openalex.org/W2903347406","https://openalex.org/W3005707497","https://openalex.org/W3113176943","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4298854623","https://openalex.org/W6603033957","https://openalex.org/W6628969388","https://openalex.org/W6631771202","https://openalex.org/W6638828001","https://openalex.org/W6662947817","https://openalex.org/W6665514426","https://openalex.org/W6676261910","https://openalex.org/W6677549198","https://openalex.org/W6677809727","https://openalex.org/W6684243969","https://openalex.org/W6720310112","https://openalex.org/W6726098278"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004086023","https://openalex.org/W4367313141","https://openalex.org/W2733999579","https://openalex.org/W3155483442","https://openalex.org/W4214818710","https://openalex.org/W4296970743","https://openalex.org/W4205665237","https://openalex.org/W2365031108","https://openalex.org/W3159249782","https://openalex.org/W2751150124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cities":[0],"are":[1],"complex":[2],"systems":[3],"composed":[4],"of":[5,72,98,104,122,152,155],"numerous":[6],"interacting":[7],"components":[8],"that":[9,127],"evolve":[10],"over":[11],"multiple":[12],"spatio-temporal":[13],"scales.":[14],"Consequently,":[15],"no":[16],"single":[17],"data":[18,49],"source":[19,50],"is":[20,56],"sufficient":[21,58],"to":[22,28,111,150],"satisfy":[23],"the":[24,102,120,130],"information":[25],"needs":[26],"required":[27],"map,":[29],"monitor,":[30],"model,":[31],"and":[32,35,76,89,93,125,132,144,147,154],"ultimately":[33],"understand":[34,114],"manage":[36],"our":[37],"interaction":[38],"within":[39,101],"such":[40,53],"urban":[41,70,115],"systems.":[42,116],"Remote":[43,79],"sensing":[44],"technology":[45],"provides":[46],"a":[47,68,95],"key":[48],"for":[51,59],"mapping":[52,133],"environments,":[54],"but":[55],"not":[57],"fully":[60,113],"understanding":[61],"them.":[62],"In":[63],"this":[64,123,128],"article":[65],"we":[66],"provide":[67],"condensed":[69],"perspective":[71],"critical":[73],"geospatial":[74,106],"technologies":[75,100],"techniques:":[77],"(i)":[78],"Sensing;":[80],"(ii)":[81],"Geographic":[82],"Information":[83],"Systems;":[84],"(iii)":[85],"object-based":[86],"image":[87],"analysis;":[88],"(iv)":[90],"sensor":[91],"webs,":[92],"recommend":[94],"holistic":[96],"integration":[97,124],"these":[99],"language":[103],"open":[105],"consortium":[107],"(OGC)":[108],"standards":[109],"in-order":[110],"more":[112],"We":[117],"then":[118],"discuss":[119],"potential":[121],"conclude":[126],"extends":[129],"monitoring":[131],"options":[134],"beyond":[135],"\u201chard":[136],"infrastructure\u201d":[137],"by":[138],"addressing":[139],"\u201chumans":[140],"as":[141],"sensors\u201d,":[142],"mobility":[143],"human-environment":[145],"interactions,":[146],"future":[148],"improvements":[149],"quality":[151],"life":[153],"social":[156],"infrastructures.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}