{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2134962551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs2051217","title":"Automatic Detection of Buildings and Changes in Buildings for Updating of Maps","display_name":"Automatic Detection of Buildings and Changes in Buildings for Updating of Maps","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2134962551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs2051217","mag":"2134962551"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs2051217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs2051217","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/2/5/1217/pdf?version=1403129175","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/2/5/1217/pdf?version=1403129175","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069256250","display_name":"Leena Matikainen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leena Matikainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, P.O. Box 15, FI-02431 Masala, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, P.O. Box 15, FI-02431 Masala, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033042071","display_name":"Juha Hyypp\u00e4","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-4017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juha Hyypp\u00e4","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, P.O. Box 15, FI-02431 Masala, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, P.O. Box 15, FI-02431 Masala, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020766583","display_name":"Eero Ahokas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6555-3752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eero Ahokas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, P.O. Box 15, FI-02431 Masala, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, P.O. Box 15, FI-02431 Masala, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086480276","display_name":"Lauri Markelin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauri Markelin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, P.O. Box 15, FI-02431 Masala, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, P.O. Box 15, FI-02431 Masala, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051636857","display_name":"Kaartinen Harri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harri Kaartinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, P.O. Box 15, FI-02431 Masala, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, P.O. Box 15, FI-02431 Masala, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069256250"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":8.4235,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":135,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97658741,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"5","first_page":"1217","last_page":"1248"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.651130199432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/completeness","display_name":"Completeness (order theory)","score":0.5836471915245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.571419358253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.51652592420578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4179290533065796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-scanning","display_name":"Laser scanning","score":0.4141163229942322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.37144920229911804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36641016602516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.20073801279067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.1090034544467926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10031527280807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.06681036949157715}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.651130199432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17231256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156540","display_name":"Completeness (order theory)","level":2,"score":0.5836471915245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.571419358253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.51652592420578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4179290533065796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.4141163229942322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37144920229911804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36641016602516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.20073801279067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.1090034544467926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10031527280807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.06681036949157715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs2051217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs2051217","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/2/5/1217/pdf?version=1403129175","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:655a12b6a376454d899009a85038c245","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/655a12b6a376454d899009a85038c245","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 2, Iss 5, Pp 1217-1248 (2010)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/2/5/1217/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs2051217","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 2; Issue 5; Pages: 1217-1248","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs2051217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs2051217","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/2/5/1217/pdf?version=1403129175","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2134962551.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2134962551.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W84227776","https://openalex.org/W150263746","https://openalex.org/W1482289351","https://openalex.org/W1508239707","https://openalex.org/W1585736879","https://openalex.org/W1594031697","https://openalex.org/W1597284963","https://openalex.org/W1636819276","https://openalex.org/W1964167192","https://openalex.org/W1973025932","https://openalex.org/W1976379828","https://openalex.org/W1984657067","https://openalex.org/W1994881920","https://openalex.org/W1997452126","https://openalex.org/W2008477163","https://openalex.org/W2019545415","https://openalex.org/W2021423901","https://openalex.org/W2027794006","https://openalex.org/W2031611300","https://openalex.org/W2035549557","https://openalex.org/W2042806874","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2045273912","https://openalex.org/W2065686120","https://openalex.org/W2065738167","https://openalex.org/W2073056054","https://openalex.org/W2100714408","https://openalex.org/W2104803300","https://openalex.org/W2115758154","https://openalex.org/W2121472011","https://openalex.org/W2124521723","https://openalex.org/W2133085566","https://openalex.org/W2134345313","https://openalex.org/W2136651098","https://openalex.org/W2139111983","https://openalex.org/W2150833188","https://openalex.org/W2151376217","https://openalex.org/W2155148032","https://openalex.org/W2161072427","https://openalex.org/W2164976328","https://openalex.org/W2167746770","https://openalex.org/W2167975673","https://openalex.org/W2171733271","https://openalex.org/W2290575583","https://openalex.org/W2329812976","https://openalex.org/W2416403557","https://openalex.org/W2478677049","https://openalex.org/W2491763030","https://openalex.org/W2574149607","https://openalex.org/W2618048359","https://openalex.org/W2738248286","https://openalex.org/W2754517125","https://openalex.org/W2907143170","https://openalex.org/W2965109002","https://openalex.org/W2981849677","https://openalex.org/W2993080810","https://openalex.org/W3085162807","https://openalex.org/W3139642413","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6641152819","https://openalex.org/W6657476666","https://openalex.org/W6675078404","https://openalex.org/W6721710867","https://openalex.org/W6771354830"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3008339103","https://openalex.org/W2404647514","https://openalex.org/W1667647204","https://openalex.org/W3119814709","https://openalex.org/W2018477250","https://openalex.org/W35919320","https://openalex.org/W1508895727","https://openalex.org/W4241418540","https://openalex.org/W2725786787","https://openalex.org/W1948503627"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1],"currently":[2],"high":[3],"interest":[4],"in":[5,27,49,66,95],"developing":[6],"automated":[7],"methods":[8,19,45],"to":[9],"assist":[10],"the":[11,40,44,67,75,92],"updating":[12],"of":[13,23,43,57,74,91],"map":[14],"databases.":[15],"This":[16],"study":[17,54],"presents":[18],"for":[20,78],"automatic":[21],"detection":[22,77],"buildings":[24,28,58,79],"and":[25,33,38,72],"changes":[26],"from":[29],"airborne":[30],"laser":[31],"scanner":[32],"digital":[34],"aerial":[35],"image":[36],"data":[37],"shows":[39],"potential":[41],"usefulness":[42],"with":[46],"thorough":[47],"experiments":[48],"a":[50],"5":[51],"km2":[52],"suburban":[53],"area.":[55],"96%":[56],"larger":[59,80],"than":[60,81],"60":[61,82],"m2":[62,83],"were":[63,84],"correctly":[64],"detected":[65],"building":[68],"detection.":[69],"The":[70],"completeness":[71],"correctness":[73],"change":[76],"about":[85],"85%":[86],"(including":[87],"five":[88],"classes).":[89],"Most":[90],"errors":[93],"occurred":[94],"small":[96],"or":[97],"otherwise":[98],"problematic":[99],"buildings.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-31T07:56:22.981413","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
