{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405552802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244719","title":"Unified Detection and Feature Extraction of Ships in Satellite Images","display_name":"Unified Detection and Feature Extraction of Ships in Satellite Images","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405552802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244719"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16244719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244719","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4719/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4719/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069139324","display_name":"Kristian Aalling S\u00f8rensen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6443-1297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kristian Aalling S\u00f8rensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["DTU Security, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DTU Security, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054701070","display_name":"Peder Heiselberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8847-634X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peder Heiselberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geodesy and Earth Observation, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geodesy and Earth Observation, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011146209","display_name":"H. Heiselberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2229-2000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henning Heiselberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["DTU Security, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DTU Security, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069139324"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":5.7923,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9600035,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"24","first_page":"4719","last_page":"4719"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12624","display_name":"Maritime and Coastal Archaeology","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12624","display_name":"Maritime and Coastal Archaeology","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9764999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heading","display_name":"Heading (navigation)","score":0.7695207595825195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7212135195732117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5274410843849182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4555867314338684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.44882211089134216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.42046505212783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4079855680465698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12601640820503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.10542142391204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07975873351097107}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776937971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4384217","display_name":"Heading (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.7695207595825195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7212135195732117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5274410843849182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4555867314338684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.44882211089134216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.42046505212783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4079855680465698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12601640820503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.10542142391204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07975873351097107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16244719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244719","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4719/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8270aa1ca3a14c26b76cbf9217255ab0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8270aa1ca3a14c26b76cbf9217255ab0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 24, p 4719 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/de15095d-f96d-4764-90c8-b89f3b4e3797","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/de15095d-f96d-4764-90c8-b89f3b4e3797","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400705","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Denmark","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"S\u00f8rensen , K A , Heiselberg , P & Heiselberg , H 2024 , ' Unified Detection and Feature Extraction of Ships in Satellite Images ' , Remote Sensing , vol. 16 , no. 24 , 4719 . https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244719","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16244719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244719","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4719/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405552802.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405552802.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1560021816","https://openalex.org/W2016210396","https://openalex.org/W2116988482","https://openalex.org/W2179352600","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2513190812","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2567535626","https://openalex.org/W2608946399","https://openalex.org/W2612624696","https://openalex.org/W2762294195","https://openalex.org/W2962850830","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2964093967","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2995109197","https://openalex.org/W2997747012","https://openalex.org/W3005613218","https://openalex.org/W3008285334","https://openalex.org/W3038948729","https://openalex.org/W3089780760","https://openalex.org/W3098722327","https://openalex.org/W3107474049","https://openalex.org/W3111870206","https://openalex.org/W3114970347","https://openalex.org/W3132170587","https://openalex.org/W3170579996","https://openalex.org/W3189361084","https://openalex.org/W3196002595","https://openalex.org/W3200733355","https://openalex.org/W3215978186","https://openalex.org/W4212992195","https://openalex.org/W4220837725","https://openalex.org/W4229363716","https://openalex.org/W4280601076","https://openalex.org/W4281762445","https://openalex.org/W4285029564","https://openalex.org/W4307190413","https://openalex.org/W4310995367","https://openalex.org/W4320402971","https://openalex.org/W4367626240","https://openalex.org/W4384162203","https://openalex.org/W4386930766","https://openalex.org/W4387801871","https://openalex.org/W4391351285","https://openalex.org/W4392061602","https://openalex.org/W4393106022","https://openalex.org/W4399877966","https://openalex.org/W6785640865","https://openalex.org/W6839264474","https://openalex.org/W6862531119"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4244052565","https://openalex.org/W2358719579","https://openalex.org/W4252778923","https://openalex.org/W2385042721","https://openalex.org/W2367929022","https://openalex.org/W2351754530","https://openalex.org/W2378649906","https://openalex.org/W2013329914","https://openalex.org/W2392383081","https://openalex.org/W1618102658"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,76,109],"increasing":[1],"importance":[2],"of":[3,41,83,102,107,119,149,151,159],"maritime":[4,168],"surveillance,":[5],"particularly":[6],"in":[7,37,174],"monitoring":[8],"dark":[9],"ships,":[10,140],"highlights":[11],"the":[12,134,152],"need":[13],"for":[14,56,124,131,138,144,167],"advanced":[15],"detection":[16,30,58,97,179],"models":[17],"that":[18],"go":[19],"beyond":[20],"simple":[21],"ship":[22,44,57,114,178,189],"localisation.":[23],"Current":[24],"approaches":[25],"largely":[26],"focus":[27],"on":[28],"either":[29],"or":[31,191],"feature":[32],"extraction,":[33],"leaving":[34],"a":[35,53,95,100],"gap":[36,50],"unified":[38,54,162],"methods":[39],"capable":[40],"providing":[42],"detailed":[43,181],"characteristics.":[45],"This":[46,161],"study":[47],"addresses":[48],"this":[49],"by":[51],"developing":[52],"model":[55,77,110],"and":[59,74,91,104,126,180],"characterisation":[60],"from":[61],"Synthetic":[62],"Aperture":[63],"Radar":[64],"images,":[65],"estimating":[66,88],"features":[67],"such":[68,185],"as":[69,186],"true":[70,72],"length,":[71],"breadth,":[73],"heading.":[75],"is":[78,171],"designed":[79],"to":[80],"detect":[81],"ships":[82],"varying":[84],"sizes":[85],"while":[86],"simultaneously":[87],"their":[89],"characteristics,":[90],"experimental":[92],"results":[93],"show":[94],"high":[96],"accuracy,":[98],"with":[99,116],"recall":[101],"87.7%":[103],"an":[105],"F1-score":[106],"93.5%.":[108],"also":[111],"effectively":[112],"estimates":[113,154],"dimensions,":[115],"mean":[117],"errors":[118],"1.4":[120],"\u00b1":[121,128],"16.2":[122],"m":[123,130],"length":[125],"1.5":[127],"4.5":[129],"breadth.":[132],"Estimating":[133],"heading":[135,153],"proved":[136],"challenging":[137],"smaller":[139],"but":[141],"was":[142],"accurate":[143],"larger":[145],"ships.":[146,193],"A":[147],"total":[148],"50%":[150],"were":[155],"within":[156],"15":[157],"degrees":[158],"error.":[160],"approach":[163],"offers":[164],"practical":[165],"benefits":[166],"operations.":[169],"It":[170],"especially":[172],"useful":[173],"situations":[175],"where":[176],"both":[177],"information":[182],"are":[183],"needed,":[184],"predicting":[187],"future":[188],"positions":[190],"identifying":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}