{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405444714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244673","title":"Thunderstorms with Extreme Lightning Activity in China: Climatology, Synoptic Patterns, and Convective Parameters","display_name":"Thunderstorms with Extreme Lightning Activity in China: Climatology, Synoptic Patterns, and Convective Parameters","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405444714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244673"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16244673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244673","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4673/pdf?version=1734170118","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4673/pdf?version=1734170118","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035894488","display_name":"Ruiyang Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5423-1793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133131","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034b53w38","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiyang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China","State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & CMA Key Laboratory of Lightning, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & CMA Key Laboratory of Lightning, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062446951","display_name":"Dong Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1880-3296"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133131","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034b53w38","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dong Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & CMA Key Laboratory of Lightning, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1880-3296","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & CMA Key Laboratory of Lightning, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100376298","display_name":"Yijun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7573-424X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7573-424X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063802572","display_name":"Wen Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133131","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034b53w38","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & CMA Key Laboratory of Lightning, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & CMA Key Laboratory of Lightning, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084528452","display_name":"Wenjuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1218-9704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133131","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034b53w38","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & CMA Key Laboratory of Lightning, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1218-9704","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & CMA Key Laboratory of Lightning, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101098106","display_name":"Biao Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biao Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meteorological Disaster Prevention Technology Center of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meteorological Disaster Prevention Technology Center of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350007, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062446951"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125","https://openalex.org/I4210133131"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.3578,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8042691,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"24","first_page":"4673","last_page":"4673"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thunderstorm","display_name":"Thunderstorm","score":0.8620033264160156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightning","display_name":"Lightning (connector)","score":0.6260788440704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convective-available-potential-energy","display_name":"Convective available potential energy","score":0.5576385259628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.5059840083122253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convection","display_name":"Convection","score":0.5019838809967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4914435148239136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.44511282444000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4443071782588959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plateau","display_name":"Plateau (mathematics)","score":0.4442765712738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.32708221673965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.24638068675994873}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80316258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2857578","display_name":"Thunderstorm","level":2,"score":0.8620033264160156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69398868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129052","display_name":"Lightning (connector)","level":3,"score":0.6260788440704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61939431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129355","display_name":"Convective available potential energy","level":3,"score":0.5576385259628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.5059840083122253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10899652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160329","display_name":"Convection","level":2,"score":0.5019838809967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4914435148239136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.44511282444000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4443071782588959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780030769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4968575","display_name":"Plateau (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4442765712738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.32708221673965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.24638068675994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16244673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244673","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4673/pdf?version=1734170118","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dfee9713403142e79d8b2cad8cc18ab2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dfee9713403142e79d8b2cad8cc18ab2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 24, p 4673 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16244673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244673","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4673/pdf?version=1734170118","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2891175390","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023Z008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321849","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5394288838","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2342215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8062807750","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019QZKK0104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321849","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034b53w38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405444714.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488685933","https://openalex.org/W1489919709","https://openalex.org/W1984539178","https://openalex.org/W1986851538","https://openalex.org/W1992240405","https://openalex.org/W2002866966","https://openalex.org/W2003311894","https://openalex.org/W2012035555","https://openalex.org/W2013607460","https://openalex.org/W2065626194","https://openalex.org/W2069543556","https://openalex.org/W2076973189","https://openalex.org/W2085144721","https://openalex.org/W2102641689","https://openalex.org/W2105099903","https://openalex.org/W2110909135","https://openalex.org/W2111620201","https://openalex.org/W2112457191","https://openalex.org/W2112823219","https://openalex.org/W2113463116","https://openalex.org/W2141504340","https://openalex.org/W2155933968","https://openalex.org/W2163058412","https://openalex.org/W2172504610","https://openalex.org/W2176719471","https://openalex.org/W2243827408","https://openalex.org/W2289261925","https://openalex.org/W2323959827","https://openalex.org/W2350064726","https://openalex.org/W2354938517","https://openalex.org/W2360064026","https://openalex.org/W2390215374","https://openalex.org/W2436119203","https://openalex.org/W2578541265","https://openalex.org/W2607026147","https://openalex.org/W2732508016","https://openalex.org/W2751057455","https://openalex.org/W2775547209","https://openalex.org/W2794042009","https://openalex.org/W2942320118","https://openalex.org/W2982788905","https://openalex.org/W3009818567","https://openalex.org/W3088019115","https://openalex.org/W3088073486","https://openalex.org/W3088949694","https://openalex.org/W3094365879","https://openalex.org/W3095346805","https://openalex.org/W3115951949","https://openalex.org/W3126583640","https://openalex.org/W3131920747","https://openalex.org/W3139302682","https://openalex.org/W3155754580","https://openalex.org/W3159964469","https://openalex.org/W4200130150","https://openalex.org/W4200445414","https://openalex.org/W4220895660","https://openalex.org/W4220944390","https://openalex.org/W4282976421","https://openalex.org/W4286209642","https://openalex.org/W4293224641","https://openalex.org/W4382939284","https://openalex.org/W4396827033","https://openalex.org/W4403981816","https://openalex.org/W6667923440","https://openalex.org/W6671783390","https://openalex.org/W6676689772","https://openalex.org/W6707117795","https://openalex.org/W6854034482"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071010365","https://openalex.org/W2384525786","https://openalex.org/W2155600564","https://openalex.org/W3006199805","https://openalex.org/W4310829822","https://openalex.org/W2379997514","https://openalex.org/W2051236686","https://openalex.org/W3171614835","https://openalex.org/W2981373137","https://openalex.org/W1176252425"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intense":[0],"convection":[1],"is":[2,9,31],"often":[3],"accompanied":[4,199],"by":[5,145,200],"high-frequency":[6],"lightning":[7,60,67],"and":[8,19,26,37,94,122,138,157,182,188,196,206,219],"highly":[10],"prone":[11],"to":[12,33,52,131],"producing":[13],"heavy":[14],"rainfall,":[15],"strong":[16],"winds,":[17],"hail,":[18],"tornadoes,":[20],"frequently":[21],"resulting":[22],"in":[23,70,203],"significant":[24],"damage":[25],"loss":[27],"of":[28,40,56,106,178,191,221],"life.":[29],"It":[30],"necessary":[32],"understand":[34],"the":[35,46,54,71,95,149,164,170,216],"mechanisms":[36],"meteorological":[38],"conditions":[39],"intense":[41,222],"convection.":[42,223],"This":[43],"study":[44],"utilizes":[45],"Thunderstorm":[47],"Feature":[48],"Dataset":[49],"from":[50],"2010\u20132018":[51],"analyze":[53],"characteristics":[55],"thunderstorms":[57,65],"with":[58,76,120,180,193],"extreme":[59],"activity":[61,80],"(TELAs),":[62],"defined":[63],"as":[64],"whose":[66],"frequency":[68],"ranks":[69],"top":[72],"1%.":[73],"Four":[74],"regions":[75],"relatively":[77],"high":[78],"thunderstorm":[79],"were":[81],"selected":[82],"for":[83,169,215],"analysis:":[84],"Northeast":[85],"China":[86,89,92],"(NEC),":[87],"North":[88],"(NC),":[90],"South":[91],"(SC),":[93],"Tibetan":[96],"Plateau":[97],"(TP).":[98],"In":[99,114,126,140],"NEC,":[100],"TELAs":[101,116,128,142,172],"primarily":[102],"occur":[103],"just":[104],"west":[105],"upper-level":[107],"westerly":[108],"troughs":[109],"(UWT),":[110],"including":[111],"cold":[112],"vortices.":[113,147],"NC,":[115],"are":[117,129,143,173],"mainly":[118],"associated":[119],"UWT":[121],"subtropical":[123],"highs":[124],"(STH).":[125],"SC,":[127],"related":[130],"frontal":[132],"systems,":[133],"easterly":[134],"waves,":[135],"tropical":[136],"cyclones,":[137],"STH.":[139],"TP,":[141,171],"generated":[144],"TP":[146],"Before":[148],"TELA":[150],"process,":[151],"vertically":[152],"integrated":[153],"moisture":[154],"divergence":[155],"(VIMD)":[156],"convective":[158],"available":[159],"potential":[160],"energy":[161],"(CAPE)":[162],"show":[163],"most":[165],"notable":[166,201],"anomalies.":[167],"Except":[168],"typically":[174],"located":[175],"between":[176],"centers":[177,190],"anomalies":[179,192],"positive":[181,194],"negative":[183,197],"geopotential":[184],"height":[185],"(500":[186],"hPa)":[187],"near":[189],"CAPE":[195],"VIMD,":[198],"increases":[202],"surface":[204],"temperature":[205],"wind":[207],"speed.":[208],"These":[209],"findings":[210],"offer":[211],"a":[212],"valuable":[213],"reference":[214],"early":[217],"warning":[218],"forecasting":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
