{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405320520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244655","title":"Leveraging Neural Radiance Fields for Large-Scale 3D Reconstruction from Aerial Imagery","display_name":"Leveraging Neural Radiance Fields for Large-Scale 3D Reconstruction from Aerial Imagery","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405320520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244655"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16244655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244655","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4655/pdf?version=1734069475","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4655/pdf?version=1734069475","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065127515","display_name":"Max Hermann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6628-2381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111500","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation","ror":"https://ror.org/01zx97922","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111500","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Max Hermann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IOSB, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany","Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IOSB, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102881369","display_name":"Han Deok Kwak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-1947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111500","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation","ror":"https://ror.org/01zx97922","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111500","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyovin Kwak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IOSB, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IOSB, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072712118","display_name":"Boitumelo Ruf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2627-3202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111500","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation","ror":"https://ror.org/01zx97922","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111500","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boitumelo Ruf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IOSB, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IOSB, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083406305","display_name":"Martin Weinmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8654-7546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Weinmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065127515"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I4210111500"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.5073,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67644112,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"24","first_page":"4655","last_page":"4655"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiance","display_name":"Radiance","score":0.7003294825553894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6618927717208862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.6071066856384277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.37610316276550293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33814629912376404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3207334280014038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1770985722541809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.17304867506027222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23690007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411145","display_name":"Radiance","level":2,"score":0.7003294825553894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6618927717208862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6071066856384277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.37610316276550293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33814629912376404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3207334280014038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1770985722541809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.17304867506027222}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16244655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244655","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4655/pdf?version=1734069475","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f440cd22fcab4a62a336942a9939f311","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f440cd22fcab4a62a336942a9939f311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 24, p 4655 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/481224","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/481224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16244655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244655","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4655/pdf?version=1734069475","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311048","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325850","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405320520.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405320520.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1772650917","https://openalex.org/W1776042733","https://openalex.org/W1929856797","https://openalex.org/W2008706659","https://openalex.org/W2117248802","https://openalex.org/W2129404737","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2156116778","https://openalex.org/W2160014001","https://openalex.org/W2205172244","https://openalex.org/W2315104825","https://openalex.org/W2336968928","https://openalex.org/W2471962767","https://openalex.org/W2519683295","https://openalex.org/W2599802623","https://openalex.org/W2738551266","https://openalex.org/W2926429807","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W2962793285","https://openalex.org/W2964153986","https://openalex.org/W2967693513","https://openalex.org/W2997914516","https://openalex.org/W3133884127","https://openalex.org/W3163849933","https://openalex.org/W3177583232","https://openalex.org/W3184872565","https://openalex.org/W3194532238","https://openalex.org/W3203570626","https://openalex.org/W3215589927","https://openalex.org/W4200150166","https://openalex.org/W4214520160","https://openalex.org/W4221151978","https://openalex.org/W4290057940","https://openalex.org/W4292387186","https://openalex.org/W4312234520","https://openalex.org/W4312280420","https://openalex.org/W4312713450","https://openalex.org/W4313031684","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4391158550","https://openalex.org/W4396641245","https://openalex.org/W4399770450","https://openalex.org/W6638039622","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6771537436","https://openalex.org/W6841804768"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2896728493","https://openalex.org/W2392142157","https://openalex.org/W2043512367","https://openalex.org/W4321518006","https://openalex.org/W2331836163","https://openalex.org/W2024462231","https://openalex.org/W2157702764","https://openalex.org/W2508448752","https://openalex.org/W2139939267","https://openalex.org/W1974511032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"conventional":[1],"photogrammetric":[2,150],"approaches":[3,128],"struggle":[4],"with":[5,6,133],"low-texture,":[7],"reflective,":[8],"and":[9,47,56,82,110,117,137,173],"transparent":[10],"regions,":[11],"this":[12],"study":[13,163],"explores":[14],"the":[15,68,75,84,88,91,104,169,175,183,186],"application":[16],"of":[17,26,70,90,171,185],"Neural":[18],"Radiance":[19],"Fields":[20],"(NeRFs)":[21],"for":[22,87,126],"large-scale":[23],"3D":[24],"reconstruction":[25],"outdoor":[27],"scenes,":[28],"since":[29],"NeRF-based":[30,127,152],"methods":[31],"have":[32,113],"recently":[33],"shown":[34],"very":[35],"impressive":[36],"results":[37,157],"in":[38,158,166],"these":[39],"areas.":[40,160],"We":[41,141],"evaluate":[42],"three":[43],"approaches:":[44],"Mega-NeRF,":[45],"Block-NeRF,":[46],"Direct":[48],"Voxel":[49],"Grid":[50],"Optimization,":[51],"focusing":[52],"on":[53],"their":[54],"accuracy":[55],"completeness":[57],"compared":[58,147],"to":[59,103,148],"ground":[60],"truth":[61],"point":[62,92],"clouds.":[63],"In":[64],"addition,":[65],"we":[66,97],"analyze":[67],"effects":[69],"using":[71,177],"multiple":[72],"sub-modules,":[73],"estimating":[74],"visibility":[76,176],"by":[77],"an":[78,178],"additional":[79,179],"neural":[80,180],"network":[81,181],"varying":[83,138],"density":[85],"threshold":[86],"extraction":[89],"cloud.":[93],"For":[94],"performance":[95],"evaluation,":[96],"use":[98],"benchmark":[99],"datasets":[100],"that":[101,129,143,165],"correspond":[102],"setting":[105],"off":[106],"standard":[107],"flight":[108],"campaigns":[109],"therefore":[111],"typically":[112,131],"nadir":[114],"camera":[115,139],"perspective":[116],"relatively":[118],"little":[119],"image":[120],"overlap,":[121],"which":[122],"can":[123],"be":[124],"challenging":[125,159],"are":[130],"trained":[132],"significantly":[134],"more":[135],"images":[136],"angles.":[140],"show":[142],"despite":[144],"lower":[145],"quality":[146,184],"classic":[149],"approaches,":[151],"reconstructions":[153,188],"provide":[154],"visually":[155],"convincing":[156],"Furthermore,":[161],"our":[162],"shows":[164],"particular":[167],"increasing":[168],"number":[170],"sub-modules":[172],"predicting":[174],"improves":[182],"resulting":[187],"significantly.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}