{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404933053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16234492","title":"A Multi-Source Data-Driven Analysis of Building Functional Classification and Its Relationship with Population Distribution","display_name":"A Multi-Source Data-Driven Analysis of Building Functional Classification and Its Relationship with Population Distribution","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404933053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16234492"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16234492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16234492","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/23/4492/pdf?version=1733133755","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/23/4492/pdf?version=1733133755","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042686289","display_name":"Dongfeng Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongfeng Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001543450","display_name":"Xin Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1783-9008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xin Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100039, China","School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100039, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048579498","display_name":"Zhisheng An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9538-9826"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zehua An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nari Group Corporation (State Grid Electric Power Research Institute), Nanjing 211106, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nari Group Corporation (State Grid Electric Power Research Institute), Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001543450"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543","https://openalex.org/I4210114963"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.2004,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92430529,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"23","first_page":"4492","last_page":"4492"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10632","display_name":"Housing Market and Economics","score":0.08009999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10632","display_name":"Housing Market and Economics","score":0.08009999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.07769999653100967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13920","display_name":"Urban Planning and Valuation","score":0.06930000334978104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-source","display_name":"Data source","score":0.47392019629478455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.4387189745903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41872894763946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.28062891960144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13691124320030212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.05707693099975586}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983685735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227355","display_name":"Data source","level":2,"score":0.47392019629478455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4387189745903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41872894763946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.28062891960144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13691124320030212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.05707693099975586}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16234492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16234492","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/23/4492/pdf?version=1733133755","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:461ae8fec1c54e59964c689a0dac3674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/461ae8fec1c54e59964c689a0dac3674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 23, p 4492 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16234492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16234492","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/23/4492/pdf?version=1733133755","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404933053.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966035399","https://openalex.org/W2033176844","https://openalex.org/W2142453803","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2472057509","https://openalex.org/W2890296076","https://openalex.org/W2924260171","https://openalex.org/W2993303109","https://openalex.org/W3010150765","https://openalex.org/W3097383094","https://openalex.org/W3127777835","https://openalex.org/W3169203486","https://openalex.org/W3197943752","https://openalex.org/W3209110881","https://openalex.org/W4205822355","https://openalex.org/W4214924184","https://openalex.org/W4296783790","https://openalex.org/W4303578684","https://openalex.org/W4306398597","https://openalex.org/W4308918284","https://openalex.org/W4311016703","https://openalex.org/W4312710616","https://openalex.org/W4317437813","https://openalex.org/W4391782864","https://openalex.org/W4398231552","https://openalex.org/W4400641118","https://openalex.org/W4404699584","https://openalex.org/W6643897297","https://openalex.org/W6737556529","https://openalex.org/W6862548181","https://openalex.org/W7061914206"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Buildings,":[0],"as":[1,85,87],"key":[2],"factors":[3],"influencing":[4],"population":[5,22,38,156,179,204,214],"distribution,":[6,180,205],"have":[7],"various":[8],"functional":[9,63],"attributes.":[10],"Existing":[11],"research":[12],"mainly":[13],"focuses":[14],"on":[15,37],"the":[16,25,30,55,92,99,120,131,137,141,152,164,188,194],"relationship":[17],"between":[18,151],"land":[19],"functions":[20,154,198],"and":[21,49,53,70,79,130,145,155,166,171,199,213],"distribution":[23,157],"at":[24,187],"macro":[26],"scale,":[27],"while":[28],"neglecting":[29],"finer-grained,":[31],"micro-scale":[32],"impact":[33],"of":[34,82,111,119,127,196],"building":[35,83,153,197],"functionality":[36],"distribution.":[39],"To":[40],"address":[41],"this":[42,44,182],"issue,":[43],"study":[45,192],"integrates":[46],"multi-source":[47],"geospatial":[48],"spatio-temporal":[50],"big":[51],"data":[52],"employs":[54],"XGBoost":[56],"algorithm":[57],"to":[58],"classify":[59],"buildings":[60,173],"into":[61],"five":[62],"categories:":[64],"residential,":[65,169],"commercial,":[66,170],"industrial,":[67],"public":[68],"service,":[69],"landscape.":[71],"The":[72,96,103,125,149],"proposed":[73,104],"model":[74,138],"innovatively":[75],"incorporates":[76],"texture,":[77],"geometric,":[78],"temporal":[80],"features":[81,129],"images,":[84],"well":[86],"socio-economic":[88],"characteristics":[89],"extracted":[90],"using":[91],"distance":[93,132],"decay":[94,133],"algorithm.":[95],"results":[97],"yield":[98],"following":[100],"conclusions:":[101],"(1)":[102],"method":[105,134],"achieves":[106],"an":[107],"overall":[108],"classification":[109],"accuracy":[110,142],"0.77,":[112],"which":[113],"is":[114,184],"0.12":[115],"higher":[116],"than":[117],"that":[118],"random":[121],"forest-based":[122],"approach.":[123],"(2)":[124],"introduction":[126],"time":[128],"further":[135],"improved":[136],"performance,":[139],"increasing":[140],"by":[143],"0.04":[144],"0.03,":[146],"respectively.":[147],"(3)":[148],"correlation":[150,177,183],"varies":[158],"significantly":[159],"across":[160],"different":[161],"scales.":[162],"At":[163],"district":[165],"county":[167],"levels,":[168],"industrial":[172],"show":[174],"a":[175,207],"strong":[176],"with":[178],"whereas":[181],"relatively":[185],"weak":[186],"street":[189],"scale.":[190],"This":[191],"advances":[193],"understanding":[195],"their":[200],"role":[201],"in":[202],"shaping":[203],"providing":[206],"robust":[208],"framework":[209],"for":[210],"urban":[211],"planning":[212],"modeling.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}