{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404501363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224292","title":"Successful Precipitation Downscaling Through an Innovative Transformer-Based Model","display_name":"Successful Precipitation Downscaling Through an Innovative Transformer-Based Model","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404501363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224292"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16224292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224292","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/22/4292/pdf?version=1731913628","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/22/4292/pdf?version=1731913628","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115602259","display_name":"Fan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9693-4099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039671101","display_name":"Qiaolin Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8793-8610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiaolin Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002418644","display_name":"Kai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6829-0268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118629","display_name":"NARI Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02egn3136","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118629"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing NARl Information & Communication Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211815, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing NARl Information & Communication Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211815, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118629"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059068224","display_name":"Le Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-8678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Le Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059068224"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.6582,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83723066,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"22","first_page":"4292","last_page":"4292"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downscaling","display_name":"Downscaling","score":0.9045690298080444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.47337645292282104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.45232918858528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4397605061531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.2859001159667969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11178052425384521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06635904312133789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.05399826169013977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41156917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682831","display_name":"Downscaling","level":3,"score":0.9045690298080444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.47337645292282104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.45232918858528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4397605061531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.2859001159667969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11178052425384521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06635904312133789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.05399826169013977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16224292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224292","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/22/4292/pdf?version=1731913628","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:403ec25f067d4ee48929e7b6770bb9cf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/403ec25f067d4ee48929e7b6770bb9cf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 22, p 4292 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16224292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224292","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/22/4292/pdf?version=1731913628","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404501363.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1827386009","https://openalex.org/W1831098712","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1992992910","https://openalex.org/W2007051388","https://openalex.org/W2014927728","https://openalex.org/W2021350270","https://openalex.org/W2038478285","https://openalex.org/W2048007119","https://openalex.org/W2049899966","https://openalex.org/W2063703901","https://openalex.org/W2078246482","https://openalex.org/W2092274148","https://openalex.org/W2093141926","https://openalex.org/W2093654206","https://openalex.org/W2122511023","https://openalex.org/W2132481658","https://openalex.org/W2132893580","https://openalex.org/W2254066170","https://openalex.org/W2515684462","https://openalex.org/W2529998007","https://openalex.org/W2561386288","https://openalex.org/W2563710438","https://openalex.org/W2594864454","https://openalex.org/W2604521289","https://openalex.org/W2887146413","https://openalex.org/W2899592943","https://openalex.org/W2904160311","https://openalex.org/W2914757521","https://openalex.org/W2999151775","https://openalex.org/W3089412729","https://openalex.org/W3116626500","https://openalex.org/W3123393465","https://openalex.org/W3199715002","https://openalex.org/W4213177906","https://openalex.org/W4221140001","https://openalex.org/W4296425803","https://openalex.org/W4301373652","https://openalex.org/W4317936154","https://openalex.org/W4328127355","https://openalex.org/W4360611214","https://openalex.org/W4380088519","https://openalex.org/W4383218728","https://openalex.org/W4391935886","https://openalex.org/W4395017736","https://openalex.org/W6725712322","https://openalex.org/W6734568900","https://openalex.org/W6861900329","https://openalex.org/W6864724480"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394436593","https://openalex.org/W3013458534","https://openalex.org/W3010558748","https://openalex.org/W2526815458","https://openalex.org/W4220911053","https://openalex.org/W2380042710","https://openalex.org/W2944582722","https://openalex.org/W4377833746","https://openalex.org/W4387102043","https://openalex.org/W769766909"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"research,":[2],"we":[3],"introduce":[4],"a":[5,37,183,209,224,231],"novel":[6],"method":[7],"leveraging":[8],"the":[9,21,57,94,130,152,229,238],"Transformer":[10,55],"architecture":[11],"to":[12,53,77,105,133],"generate":[13,134],"high-fidelity":[14],"precipitation":[15,44,158],"model":[16],"outputs.":[17],"This":[18,123,191],"technique":[19],"emulates":[20],"statistical":[22],"characteristics":[23],"of":[24,39,87,176,211],"high-resolution":[25],"datasets":[26,215],"while":[27],"substantially":[28],"lowering":[29],"computational":[30],"expenses.":[31],"The":[32,83,172,214],"core":[33],"concept":[34],"involves":[35],"utilizing":[36],"blend":[38],"coarse":[40],"and":[41,50,97,154,160,169,174,228,241],"fine-grained":[42],"simulated":[43],"data,":[45,113],"encompassing":[46],"diverse":[47],"spatial":[48,79,155,219],"resolutions":[49],"geospatial":[51],"distributions,":[52],"instruct":[54],"in":[56,93,110,119,128,157,217],"transformation":[58],"process.":[59],"We":[60],"have":[61],"crafted":[62],"an":[63],"innovative":[64],"ST-Transformer":[65],"encoder":[66],"component":[67],"that":[68,136],"dynamically":[69],"concentrates":[70],"on":[71,195],"various":[72],"regions,":[73],"allocating":[74],"heightened":[75],"focus":[76],"critical":[78],"zones":[80],"or":[81],"sectors.":[82],"module":[84,125],"is":[85,115,126,193],"capable":[86],"studying":[88],"dependencies":[89],"between":[90],"different":[91,100],"locations":[92],"input":[95],"sequence":[96],"modeling":[98],"at":[99],"scales,":[101],"which":[102,114],"allows":[103],"it":[104],"fully":[106],"capture":[107],"spatiotemporal":[108],"correlations":[109],"meteorological":[111],"element":[112],"also":[116,143],"not":[117,138],"available":[118],"other":[120,230],"downscaling":[121],"methods.":[122],"tailored":[124],"instrumental":[127],"enhancing":[129],"model\u2019s":[131],"ability":[132],"outcomes":[135],"are":[137,180],"only":[139],"more":[140,144],"realistic":[141],"but":[142],"consistent":[145],"with":[146,186,221],"physical":[147],"laws.":[148],"It":[149],"adeptly":[150,161],"mirrors":[151],"temporal":[153],"distribution":[156],"data":[159],"represents":[162],"extreme":[163],"weather":[164],"events,":[165],"such":[166],"as":[167],"heavy":[168],"enduring":[170],"storms.":[171],"efficacy":[173],"superiority":[175],"our":[177],"proposed":[178],"approach":[179],"substantiated":[181],"through":[182],"comparative":[184],"analysis":[185],"several":[187],"cutting-edge":[188],"forecasting":[189],"techniques.":[190],"evaluation":[192],"conducted":[194],"two":[196],"distinct":[197],"datasets,":[198],"each":[199],"derived":[200],"from":[201,237],"simulations":[202],"run":[203],"by":[204],"regional":[205],"climate":[206],"models":[207],"over":[208],"period":[210],"4":[212],"months.":[213],"vary":[216],"their":[218],"resolutions,":[220],"one":[222],"featuring":[223],"50":[225],"km":[226,233],"resolution":[227],"12":[232],"resolution,":[234],"both":[235],"sourced":[236],"Weather":[239],"Research":[240],"Forecasting":[242],"(WRF)":[243],"Model.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
