{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404376824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224245","title":"Classification of Ship Type from Combination of HMM\u2013DNN\u2013CNN Models Based on Ship Trajectory Features","display_name":"Classification of Ship Type from Combination of HMM\u2013DNN\u2013CNN Models Based on Ship Trajectory Features","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404376824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224245"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16224245","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224245","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/22/4245/pdf?version=1731659753","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/22/4245/pdf?version=1731659753","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003114498","display_name":"Dae-Woon Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6603-2337"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133437993","display_name":"Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/032m55064","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133437993"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197867492","display_name":"Korea Maritime and Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v7y5b55","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197867492"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dae-Woon Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology, Ocean Science and Technology School, National Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea","Maritime Security and Safety Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology, Ocean Science and Technology School, National Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197867492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maritime Security and Safety Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133437993"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058716552","display_name":"Chan-Su Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6882-7325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133437993","display_name":"Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/032m55064","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133437993"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197867492","display_name":"Korea Maritime and Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v7y5b55","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197867492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88761825","display_name":"Korea University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/000qzf213","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chan-Su Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology, Ocean Science and Technology School, National Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea","Marine Technology and Convergence Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea","Maritime Security and Safety Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology, Ocean Science and Technology School, National Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197867492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marine Technology and Convergence Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88761825"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maritime Security and Safety Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133437993"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058716552"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133437993","https://openalex.org/I197867492","https://openalex.org/I88761825"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.6594,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70028163,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"22","first_page":"4245","last_page":"4245"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.6271471977233887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6165875792503357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.5000133514404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45469656586647034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4080601930618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering","display_name":"Marine engineering","score":0.3390272557735443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0890381932258606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.046330809593200684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.6271471977233887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6165875792503357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.5000133514404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45469656586647034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4080601930618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.3390272557735443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0890381932258606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.046330809593200684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16224245","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224245","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/22/4245/pdf?version=1731659753","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fc803533b0cc4e36b611db34b028d86c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fc803533b0cc4e36b611db34b028d86c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 22, p 4245 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16224245","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224245","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/22/4245/pdf?version=1731659753","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1238257970","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P0025425","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322064","display_name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/015w1qa96"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404376824.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404376824.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2044008264","https://openalex.org/W2075236191","https://openalex.org/W2139860822","https://openalex.org/W2143870863","https://openalex.org/W2160646183","https://openalex.org/W2562483473","https://openalex.org/W2766632063","https://openalex.org/W2817758768","https://openalex.org/W2912934741","https://openalex.org/W2944791333","https://openalex.org/W2999435193","https://openalex.org/W3026482450","https://openalex.org/W3091791608","https://openalex.org/W3121873215","https://openalex.org/W3146068749","https://openalex.org/W3161793291","https://openalex.org/W3165782304","https://openalex.org/W3190343431","https://openalex.org/W3202253212","https://openalex.org/W3202979025","https://openalex.org/W3210902790","https://openalex.org/W3213476676","https://openalex.org/W4205284872","https://openalex.org/W4205435549","https://openalex.org/W4206842905","https://openalex.org/W4224316710","https://openalex.org/W4283768731","https://openalex.org/W4291604919","https://openalex.org/W4304775402","https://openalex.org/W4312473695","https://openalex.org/W6839677045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053269318","https://openalex.org/W2364370872","https://openalex.org/W2097963413","https://openalex.org/W2294335174","https://openalex.org/W2025614924","https://openalex.org/W3145575561","https://openalex.org/W2001275470","https://openalex.org/W2073996508","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"proposes":[2],"an":[3],"enhanced":[4],"ship-type":[5],"classification":[6,118],"model":[7,17,59,111],"that":[8],"employs":[9],"a":[10,150],"sequential":[11],"processing":[12],"methodology":[13],"integrating":[14],"hidden":[15],"Markov":[16],"(HMM),":[18],"deep":[19],"neural":[20,25],"network":[21,26],"(DNN),":[22],"and":[23,36,52,76,96,123,130],"convolutional":[24],"(CNN)":[27],"techniques.":[28],"Four":[29],"different":[30],"ship":[31,42,62],"types\u2014fishing":[32],"boat,":[33],"passenger,":[34],"container,":[35],"other":[37],"ship\u2014were":[38],"classified":[39],"using":[40],"multiple":[41,71],"trajectory":[43],"features":[44],"extracted":[45],"from":[46],"the":[47,109],"automatic":[48],"identification":[49],"system":[50],"(AIS)":[51],"small":[53],"fishing":[54,126],"vessel":[55],"tracking":[56],"system.":[57,155],"For":[58],"optimization,":[60],"both":[61],"datasets":[63],"were":[64,98],"transformed":[65],"into":[66],"various":[67],"formats":[68],"corresponding":[69],"to":[70],"models,":[72],"incorporating":[73],"data":[74,153],"enhancement":[75],"augmentation":[77],"approaches.":[78],"Speed":[79],"over":[80,83],"ground,":[81,84],"course":[82],"rate":[85,88],"of":[86,89,120],"turn,":[87],"turn":[90],"in":[91,140],"speed,":[92],"berth":[93],"distance,":[94],"latitude/longitude,":[95],"heading":[97],"used":[99],"as":[100,108],"input":[101],"parameters.":[102],"The":[103,134],"HMM\u2013DNN\u2013CNN":[104],"combination":[105],"was":[106],"obtained":[107],"optimal":[110],"(average":[112],"F-1":[113],"score:":[114],"97.54%),":[115],"achieving":[116],"individual":[117],"performances":[119],"99.03%,":[121],"97.46%,":[122],"95.83%":[124],"for":[125],"boats,":[127],"passenger":[128],"ships,":[129,132],"container":[131],"respectively.":[133],"proposed":[135],"approach":[136],"outperformed":[137],"previous":[138],"approaches":[139],"prediction":[141],"accuracy,":[142],"with":[143],"further":[144],"improvements":[145],"anticipated":[146],"when":[147],"implemented":[148],"on":[149],"large-scale":[151],"real-time":[152],"collection":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}