{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404040511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16214100","title":"Detecting Water Stress in Winter Wheat Based on Multifeature Fusion from UAV Remote Sensing and Stacking Ensemble Learning Method","display_name":"Detecting Water Stress in Winter Wheat Based on Multifeature Fusion from UAV Remote Sensing and Stacking Ensemble Learning Method","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404040511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16214100"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16214100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16214100","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/21/4100/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/21/4100/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100939953","display_name":"He Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115589668","display_name":"Jingjing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8760-8822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102529436","display_name":"Jiali Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6212-2383"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiali Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103072267","display_name":"Xin Hui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6179-608X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Hui","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102943191","display_name":"Yunling Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4779-4671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108160477","display_name":"Hebei Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/009fw8j44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108160477"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunling Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108160477"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108313983","display_name":"Dongyu Cai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164386","display_name":"Hebei Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/05k812a28","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164386"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongyu Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebei Science and Technology Innovation Service Center, Shijiazhuang 050051, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Science and Technology Innovation Service Center, Shijiazhuang 050051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164386"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015689387","display_name":"Haijun Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0258-8341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haijun Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China","State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015689387"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":5.8403,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96276929,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"21","first_page":"4100","last_page":"4100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stacking","display_name":"Stacking","score":0.6974022388458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5672264695167542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4809912443161011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.45002585649490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3544490337371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3421139717102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.28428757190704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08799555897712708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-magnetic-resonance","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","score":0.04460451006889343}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33347731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285210","display_name":"Stacking","level":2,"score":0.6974022388458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5672264695167542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4809912443161011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.45002585649490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3544490337371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3421139717102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.28428757190704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08799555897712708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.04460451006889343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16214100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16214100","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/21/4100/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:23e696f629224d8688bc822c4723fd03","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/23e696f629224d8688bc822c4723fd03","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 21, p 4100 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16214100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16214100","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/21/4100/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G190664440","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFD1900704","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2220120485","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G592639361","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022CXGC020707","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333596","funder_display_name":"Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6162812067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21327002D","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328876","funder_display_name":"Hebei Provincial Key Research Projects"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G970175347","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CARS-03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328876","display_name":"Hebei Provincial Key Research Projects","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333596","display_name":"Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404040511.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404040511.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964217023","https://openalex.org/W1977194824","https://openalex.org/W1980375943","https://openalex.org/W2000613913","https://openalex.org/W2012686349","https://openalex.org/W2026021064","https://openalex.org/W2029567272","https://openalex.org/W2034794420","https://openalex.org/W2038023217","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2056352756","https://openalex.org/W2066416082","https://openalex.org/W2067777246","https://openalex.org/W2081734510","https://openalex.org/W2087047858","https://openalex.org/W2089441588","https://openalex.org/W2094677081","https://openalex.org/W2095939249","https://openalex.org/W2109006150","https://openalex.org/W2111947859","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2134129162","https://openalex.org/W2161815745","https://openalex.org/W2163410149","https://openalex.org/W2167787089","https://openalex.org/W2168705867","https://openalex.org/W2216946510","https://openalex.org/W2223961283","https://openalex.org/W2294115575","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2465683861","https://openalex.org/W2471041305","https://openalex.org/W2569376659","https://openalex.org/W2578608718","https://openalex.org/W2611677693","https://openalex.org/W2661380413","https://openalex.org/W2911004448","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2912822096","https://openalex.org/W2920819147","https://openalex.org/W2922028018","https://openalex.org/W2997264365","https://openalex.org/W3014405987","https://openalex.org/W3047295742","https://openalex.org/W3097920954","https://openalex.org/W3130635378","https://openalex.org/W3138886979","https://openalex.org/W3159390029","https://openalex.org/W3159918785","https://openalex.org/W3173525946","https://openalex.org/W3178373045","https://openalex.org/W3184043720","https://openalex.org/W3185180736","https://openalex.org/W4220785178","https://openalex.org/W4281675734","https://openalex.org/W4283734354","https://openalex.org/W4289277568","https://openalex.org/W4292548578","https://openalex.org/W4310723575","https://openalex.org/W4310860417","https://openalex.org/W4319289039","https://openalex.org/W4362721338","https://openalex.org/W4381838855","https://openalex.org/W4383819354","https://openalex.org/W4386753078","https://openalex.org/W4387745827","https://openalex.org/W4387853655","https://openalex.org/W4388270679","https://openalex.org/W4389303090","https://openalex.org/W4389496463","https://openalex.org/W4391070444","https://openalex.org/W4391596402","https://openalex.org/W4393353225","https://openalex.org/W4394960550","https://openalex.org/W4399925537","https://openalex.org/W6637538659","https://openalex.org/W6774912748","https://openalex.org/W6798048052","https://openalex.org/W6839312023","https://openalex.org/W6849296793","https://openalex.org/W6851559838"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035329725","https://openalex.org/W4376641153","https://openalex.org/W2070875936","https://openalex.org/W4250391473","https://openalex.org/W4302292679","https://openalex.org/W4241625287","https://openalex.org/W2050788868","https://openalex.org/W4295885776","https://openalex.org/W2027634686","https://openalex.org/W3036164038"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,152,171],"integration":[1],"of":[2,21,59,76,161,266,276],"remote":[3],"sensing":[4],"technology":[5],"and":[6,18,49,122,147,177,249,253,282],"machine":[7,35,62,201],"learning":[8,36,53,63,202],"algorithms":[9,37,64],"represents":[10],"a":[11,217,259],"new":[12],"research":[13,256],"direction":[14],"for":[15,104,286],"the":[16,41,45,57,96,115,123,174,186,192,204,221,273],"rapid":[17],"large-scale":[19,264],"detection":[20],"water":[22,83,195,279],"stress":[23,84,196],"in":[24,29,92,140,227,262],"modern":[25],"agricultural":[26,32],"crops.":[27],"However,":[28],"solving":[30],"practical":[31],"problems,":[33],"single":[34,61],"cannot":[38],"fully":[39],"explore":[40],"potential":[42],"information":[43,149],"within":[44],"data,":[46],"lacking":[47],"stability":[48,252],"accuracy.":[50,254],"Stacking":[51],"ensemble":[52],"(SEL)":[54],"can":[55,190,257],"combine":[56],"advantages":[58],"multiple":[60],"to":[65,89,107,166],"construct":[66],"more":[67],"stable":[68],"predictive":[69],"models.":[70],"In":[71,95],"this":[72],"study,":[73,98],"threshold":[74,189],"values":[75],"stomatal":[77],"conductance":[78],"(gs)":[79],"under":[80],"different":[81,158,232],"soil":[82,110,167,194],"indices":[85,146],"(SWSIs)":[86],"were":[87,102,150],"proposed":[88],"assist":[90],"managers":[91],"irrigation":[93,100],"scheduling.":[94],"present":[97],"six":[99],"treatments":[101],"established":[103],"winter":[105,162,277],"wheat":[106,163,278],"simulate":[108],"various":[109,228],"moisture":[111,168],"supply":[112,169],"conditions.":[113,170],"During":[114],"critical":[116],"growth":[117,159,233,268],"stages,":[118],"gs":[119,156,175,187],"was":[120,125,164,180],"measured":[121],"SWSI":[124,178],"calculated.":[126],"A":[127],"spectral":[128],"camera":[129],"mounted":[130],"on":[131],"an":[132],"unmanned":[133],"aerial":[134],"vehicle":[135],"(UAV)":[136],"captured":[137],"reflectance":[138],"images":[139],"five":[141],"bands,":[142],"from":[143],"which":[144],"vegetation":[145],"texture":[148],"extracted.":[151],"results":[153],"indicated":[154],"that":[155],"at":[157],"stages":[160,234],"sensitive":[165],"correlation":[172],"between":[173],"value":[176,179,188],"high":[181],"(R2":[182],">":[183],"0.79).":[184],"Therefore,":[185],"reflect":[191],"current":[193],"level.":[197],"Compared":[198],"with":[199,211],"individual":[200],"models,":[203],"SEL":[205,222],"model":[206,223],"exhibited":[207,250],"higher":[208],"prediction":[209],"accuracy,":[210],"R2":[212],"increasing":[213],"by":[214],"6.67\u201317.14%.":[215],"Using":[216],"reserved":[218],"test":[219],"set,":[220],"demonstrated":[224],"excellent":[225,251],"performance":[226],"evaluation":[229],"metrics":[230],"across":[231],"(R2:":[235],"0.69\u20130.87,":[236],"RMSE:":[237],"0.04\u20130.08":[238],"mol":[239,246],"m\u22122":[240,247],"s\u22121;":[241],"NRMSE:":[242],"12.3\u201323.6%,":[243],"MAE:":[244],"0.03\u20130.06":[245],"s\u22121)":[248],"This":[255],"play":[258],"significant":[260],"role":[261],"achieving":[263],"monitoring":[265],"crop":[267],"status":[269],"through":[270],"UAV,":[271],"enabling":[272],"real-time":[274],"capture":[275],"deficit":[280],"changes,":[281],"providing":[283],"technical":[284],"support":[285],"precision":[287],"irrigation.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}