{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403679990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213949","title":"The GRAZ Method\u2014Determination of Urban Surface Temperatures from Aerial Thermography Based on a Three-Dimensional Sampling Algorithm","display_name":"The GRAZ Method\u2014Determination of Urban Surface Temperatures from Aerial Thermography Based on a Three-Dimensional Sampling Algorithm","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403679990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213949"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16213949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213949","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/21/3949/pdf?version=1729691373","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/21/3949/pdf?version=1729691373","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091495526","display_name":"Daniel R\u00fcdisser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3208-7481"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel R\u00fcdisser","raw_affiliation_strings":["HTflux Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HTflux Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055690555","display_name":"Thomas Posch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5145-3761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766117","display_name":"University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/01faaaf77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131430","display_name":"Geriatrische Gesundheitszentren","ror":"https://ror.org/03rpvpe67","country_code":"AT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131430"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Posch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Spatial Research, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria","Stadtvermessungsamt, City of Graz, 8020 Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Spatial Research, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stadtvermessungsamt, City of Graz, 8020 Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131430"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103244613","display_name":"Wolfgang Sulzer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6040-2405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766117","display_name":"University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/01faaaf77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang Sulzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Spatial Research, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Spatial Research, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103244613"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.202,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50273932,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"21","first_page":"3949","last_page":"3949"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9369000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9369000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9351999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9111999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermography","display_name":"Thermography","score":0.6581686735153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5861668586730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5074095129966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4294443428516388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4281715154647827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.32671141624450684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.29036855697631836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2475109100341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.16930660605430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.16166993975639343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1346682906150818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08346259593963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06792107224464417}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779222261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624587","display_name":"Thermography","level":3,"score":0.6581686735153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5861668586730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5074095129966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4294443428516388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4281715154647827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.32671141624450684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29036855697631836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2475109100341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.16930660605430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.16166993975639343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1346682906150818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08346259593963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06792107224464417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16213949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213949","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/21/3949/pdf?version=1729691373","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b074171f1c3d45028fbb33bdac8ee3c8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b074171f1c3d45028fbb33bdac8ee3c8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 21, p 3949 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16213949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213949","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/21/3949/pdf?version=1729691373","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325582","display_name":"Karl-Franzens-Universit\u00e4t Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/01faaaf77"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403679990.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993174891","https://openalex.org/W2003114532","https://openalex.org/W2007779603","https://openalex.org/W2022993195","https://openalex.org/W2026337749","https://openalex.org/W2027082521","https://openalex.org/W2032075694","https://openalex.org/W2050154176","https://openalex.org/W2059678125","https://openalex.org/W2073201099","https://openalex.org/W2075572532","https://openalex.org/W2097904732","https://openalex.org/W2105059783","https://openalex.org/W2127378674","https://openalex.org/W2133983421","https://openalex.org/W2149184698","https://openalex.org/W2182807417","https://openalex.org/W2313191839","https://openalex.org/W2490618768","https://openalex.org/W2507320813","https://openalex.org/W2538783189","https://openalex.org/W2766658667","https://openalex.org/W2904772470","https://openalex.org/W2946644377","https://openalex.org/W2949676006","https://openalex.org/W2994697012","https://openalex.org/W3026802257","https://openalex.org/W3119812336","https://openalex.org/W3183774076","https://openalex.org/W3212395210","https://openalex.org/W4223905766","https://openalex.org/W4229011117","https://openalex.org/W4295308826","https://openalex.org/W4386779124","https://openalex.org/W6657441384","https://openalex.org/W6675837263"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2620662450","https://openalex.org/W2069527050","https://openalex.org/W174278852","https://openalex.org/W2368607384","https://openalex.org/W2016009248","https://openalex.org/W2008280940","https://openalex.org/W1553428650","https://openalex.org/W2391588106"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"novel":[1],"method":[2,34,83,152,186,263],"to":[3,50,110,165,176,223,229,260],"derive":[4],"surface":[5,58,234,248],"temperatures":[6,227,235],"from":[7,36],"aerial":[8],"thermography":[9],"is":[10,48,117,163,187],"proposed.":[11],"Its":[12],"theoretical":[13],"foundation,":[14],"details":[15],"regarding":[16,67,124],"the":[17,52,68,82,95,101,105,115,138,141,167,177,185,191,214,219,224,230,232,252,262],"implementation,":[18],"relevant":[19],"sensitivities,":[20],"and":[21,27,70,90,99,127,148,182,211,216,238],"its":[22],"application":[23,157],"on":[24,61,85,144,265],"a":[25,44,86,120],"day":[26],"night":[28],"survey":[29,142],"are":[30,75,134,257],"presented":[31],"here.":[32],"The":[33,131,151,196,245],"differs":[35],"existing":[37],"approaches":[38],"particularly":[39],"in":[40,77,158],"two":[41,201,246],"aspects:":[42],"first,":[43],"three-dimensional":[45,169],"sampling":[46,79],"approach":[47],"used":[49,259],"determine":[51],"reflected":[53],"thermal":[54,73],"radiation":[55,74,97],"component.":[56],"Different":[57],"classes":[59],"based":[60,143,264],"hyperspectral":[62],"classification":[63],"with":[64],"specific":[65],"properties":[66],"reflection":[69],"emission":[71],"of":[72,94,104,122,140,171,180,193,204,207,218,251,255],"considered":[76],"this":[78],"process.":[80],"Second,":[81],"relies":[84],"detailed,":[87],"altitude-dependent,":[88],"directionally":[89],"spectrally":[91],"resolved":[92],"modelling":[93],"atmospheric":[96,113,132,183],"transfer":[98],"considers":[100],"spectral":[102],"sensitivity":[103],"sensor":[106],"used.":[107],"In":[108,221],"order":[109],"accurately":[111],"consider":[112],"influences,":[114],"atmosphere":[116],"modelled":[118],"as":[119,161],"function":[121],"altitude":[123],"temperature,":[125],"pressure":[126],"greenhouse":[128],"gas":[129],"concentrations.":[130],"profiles":[133],"generated":[135],"specifically":[136],"for":[137,156,190],"time":[139],"measurements,":[145],"meteorological":[146],"forecasts":[147],"generic":[149],"models.":[150],"was":[153],"initially":[154],"developed":[155],"urban":[159],"contexts,":[160],"it":[162],"able":[164],"capture":[166],"pronounced":[168],"character":[170],"such":[172],"environments.":[173],"However,":[174],"due":[175],"detailed":[178],"consideration":[179],"elevation":[181],"conditions,":[184],"also":[188],"valuable":[189],"analysis":[192],"rural":[194],"areas.":[195],"included":[197],"case":[198],"studies":[199],"covering":[200],"thermographic":[202],"surveys":[203],"city":[205,253],"area":[206,254],"Graz":[208,256],"during":[209],"daytime":[210],"nighttime":[212],"demonstrate":[213],"capabilities":[215],"feasibility":[217],"method.":[220],"relation":[222],"detected":[225],"brightness":[226],"apparent":[228],"sensor,":[231],"determined":[233],"vary":[236],"considerably":[237],"generally":[239],"cover":[240],"an":[241],"increased":[242],"temperature":[243,249,267],"range.":[244],"processed":[247],"maps":[250],"finally":[258],"validate":[261],"available":[266],"recordings.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}