{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403602267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203905","title":"Tracking Moisture Dynamics in a Karst Rock Formation Combining Multi-Frequency 3D GPR Data: A Strategy for Protecting the Polychrome Hall Paintings in Altamira Cave","display_name":"Tracking Moisture Dynamics in a Karst Rock Formation Combining Multi-Frequency 3D GPR Data: A Strategy for Protecting the Polychrome Hall Paintings in Altamira Cave","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403602267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203905"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16203905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203905","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011128656","display_name":"Vicente Bayarri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3656-7995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128504","display_name":"Universidad Europea del Atl\u00e1ntico","ror":"https://ror.org/048tesw25","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128504"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vicente Bayarri","raw_affiliation_strings":["GIM Geomatics, S.L. C/Conde Torreanaz 8, 39300 Torrelavega, Spain","Polytechnic School, Universidad Europea del Atl\u00e1ntico, Parque Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Cantabria, C/Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GIM Geomatics, S.L. C/Conde Torreanaz 8, 39300 Torrelavega, Spain","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic School, Universidad Europea del Atl\u00e1ntico, Parque Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Cantabria, C/Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057733581","display_name":"Alfredo Prada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8436-7632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145188","display_name":"Tre Altamira (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/04vkg5n49","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145188"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfredo Prada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Museo Nacional y Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Altamira, Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola, S/N, 39330 Santillana del Mar, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Museo Nacional y Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Altamira, Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola, S/N, 39330 Santillana del Mar, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145188"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067048028","display_name":"Francisco Garc\u00eda Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1488-2764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Garc\u00eda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cartographic Engineering, Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cartographic Engineering, Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067591775","display_name":"C. de las Heras","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145188","display_name":"Tre Altamira (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/04vkg5n49","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145188"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carmen De Las Heras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Museo Nacional y Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Altamira, Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola, S/N, 39330 Santillana del Mar, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Museo Nacional y Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Altamira, Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola, S/N, 39330 Santillana del Mar, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145188"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070929435","display_name":"Pilar Fat\u00e1s","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145188","display_name":"Tre Altamira (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/04vkg5n49","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145188"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pilar Fat\u00e1s","raw_affiliation_strings":["Museo Nacional y Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Altamira, Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola, S/N, 39330 Santillana del Mar, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Museo Nacional y Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Altamira, Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola, S/N, 39330 Santillana del Mar, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145188"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067048028"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.6874,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83022965,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"20","first_page":"3905","last_page":"3905"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karst","display_name":"Karst","score":0.8877006769180298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.7617171406745911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cave","display_name":"Cave","score":0.7469883561134338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polychrome","display_name":"Polychrome","score":0.6951689124107361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5484862327575684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/painting","display_name":"Painting","score":0.4611205756664276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mining-engineering","display_name":"Mining engineering","score":0.34947311878204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3255879878997803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.323006272315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.32062745094299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.27884918451309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1256985068321228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.12193647027015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-arts","display_name":"Visual arts","score":0.11472445726394653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.10674464702606201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.08602410554885864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paleontology","display_name":"Paleontology","score":0.08459001779556274}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182348080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16817","display_name":"Karst","level":2,"score":0.8877006769180298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.7617171406745911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171878925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35509","display_name":"Cave","level":2,"score":0.7469883561134338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781145905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183127","display_name":"Polychrome","level":2,"score":0.6951689124107361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5484862327575684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205783811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11629","display_name":"Painting","level":2,"score":0.4611205756664276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16674752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1370637","display_name":"Mining engineering","level":1,"score":0.34947311878204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3255879878997803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.323006272315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.32062745094299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.27884918451309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1256985068321228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.12193647027015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.11472445726394653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10674464702606201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.08602410554885864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.08459001779556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16203905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4917d4e25f574445a3979720fcf1e64d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4917d4e25f574445a3979720fcf1e64d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 20, p 3905 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16203905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1170729772","https://openalex.org/W1545923740","https://openalex.org/W1558936816","https://openalex.org/W1571887529","https://openalex.org/W1709063109","https://openalex.org/W1901677947","https://openalex.org/W1965205202","https://openalex.org/W1971976559","https://openalex.org/W1984029048","https://openalex.org/W1987230481","https://openalex.org/W1995493084","https://openalex.org/W2004276210","https://openalex.org/W2012262430","https://openalex.org/W2014293294","https://openalex.org/W2016197888","https://openalex.org/W2027758958","https://openalex.org/W2030492481","https://openalex.org/W2033058486","https://openalex.org/W2042208234","https://openalex.org/W2074099864","https://openalex.org/W2074537581","https://openalex.org/W2075377675","https://openalex.org/W2075873380","https://openalex.org/W2079393981","https://openalex.org/W2090525739","https://openalex.org/W2093047423","https://openalex.org/W2102177728","https://openalex.org/W2102576350","https://openalex.org/W2115673204","https://openalex.org/W2142735509","https://openalex.org/W2143390819","https://openalex.org/W2158157976","https://openalex.org/W2162610548","https://openalex.org/W2236333646","https://openalex.org/W2241345259","https://openalex.org/W2249757021","https://openalex.org/W2324426351","https://openalex.org/W2395626468","https://openalex.org/W2477078832","https://openalex.org/W2502236136","https://openalex.org/W2683886148","https://openalex.org/W2762369806","https://openalex.org/W2797664127","https://openalex.org/W2911125010","https://openalex.org/W2991528778","https://openalex.org/W3000562918","https://openalex.org/W3004570537","https://openalex.org/W3007040014","https://openalex.org/W3021118108","https://openalex.org/W3035986414","https://openalex.org/W3109959192","https://openalex.org/W3127006535","https://openalex.org/W3131594867","https://openalex.org/W3149976863","https://openalex.org/W3163534594","https://openalex.org/W4200213041","https://openalex.org/W4206767151","https://openalex.org/W4223435011","https://openalex.org/W4294904373","https://openalex.org/W4297474025","https://openalex.org/W4321242710","https://openalex.org/W4367299868","https://openalex.org/W4380047847","https://openalex.org/W4380079452","https://openalex.org/W4387458736","https://openalex.org/W4388630242","https://openalex.org/W4390545028","https://openalex.org/W4391151217","https://openalex.org/W4399493534","https://openalex.org/W4403548063","https://openalex.org/W6681078868","https://openalex.org/W6806961145"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313729887","https://openalex.org/W3203010359","https://openalex.org/W1567912483","https://openalex.org/W2038007584","https://openalex.org/W3094143604","https://openalex.org/W2384980980","https://openalex.org/W2997698966","https://openalex.org/W2382993304","https://openalex.org/W2370628373","https://openalex.org/W2335984376"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,233],"study":[1,157,213],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,6,10,15,20,29,85,95,104,108,112,131,148,162,170,173,177,200,235,267,273,282,285],"features":[4,146,189],"of":[5,9,19,22,31,84,87,111,139,142,147,166,195,217,229,237,266,284,287],"internal":[7,140],"structure":[8],"geological":[11,34,88,188,295],"layers":[12],"adjacent":[13],"to":[14,28,80,94,262,291],"Polychrome":[16,113,149,167,174],"Hall":[17,114,150],"ceiling":[18,105,279],"Cave":[21,286],"Altamira":[23],"(Spain)":[24],"and":[25,33,42,64,90,102,144,176,197,205,225,246,256,280,296],"their":[26],"link":[27,93],"distribution":[30,141],"moisture":[32,96,143,184,219,257],"discontinuities":[35,89],"mainly":[36],"as":[37,191,240],"fractures,":[38,192],"joints,":[39,193],"bedding":[40],"planes":[41],"detachments,":[43],"using":[44],"3D":[45,54,127,135,238],"Ground":[46],"Penetrating":[47],"Radar":[48],"(GPR)":[49],"mapping.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52,156,259,278],"research,":[53],"GPR":[55,239],"data":[56,71,128],"were":[57,78],"collected":[58],"with":[59,73,130,187,222,272],"300":[60],"MHz,":[61],"800":[62],"MHz":[63],"1.6":[65],"GHz":[66],"center":[67],"frequency":[68,76],"antennas.":[69],"The":[70,117,152,181,212],"recorded":[72],"these":[74],"three":[75,132],"antennas":[77],"combined":[79],"further":[81],"our":[82,227],"understanding":[83,228],"layout":[86],"how":[91],"they":[92],"or":[97],"water":[98,206,230,275],"inputs":[99],"that":[100],"infiltrate":[101],"reach":[103],"surface":[106],"where":[107],"rock":[109],"art":[110],"is":[115],"located.":[116],"same":[118],"1":[119,121],"\u00d7":[120],"m2":[122],"area":[123],"was":[124],"adopted":[125],"for":[126,244],"acquisition":[129],"antennas,":[133],"obtaining":[134],"isosurface":[136],"(isoattribute-surface)":[137],"images":[138],"structural":[145],"ceiling.":[151],"results":[153,182],"derived":[154],"from":[155,209],"reveal":[158],"significant":[159],"insights":[160],"into":[161,250],"overlying":[163],"karst":[164],"strata":[165,196],"Hall,":[168],"particularly":[169],"interface":[171],"between":[172],"Layer":[175],"underlying":[178],"Dolomitic":[179],"Layer.":[180],"show":[183],"patterns":[185],"associated":[186,271],"such":[190],"detachments":[194],"microcatchments,":[198],"elucidating":[199],"mechanisms":[201],"driving":[202],"capillary":[203],"rise":[204],"infiltration":[207,231,274],"coming":[208],"higher":[210],"altitudes.":[211],"primarily":[214],"identifies":[215],"areas":[216],"increased":[218],"content,":[220],"correlating":[221],"earlier":[223],"observations":[224],"enhancing":[226],"patterns.":[232],"underscores":[234],"utility":[236],"an":[241],"essential":[242],"tool":[243],"informing":[245],"putting":[247],"conservation":[248],"measures":[249],"practice.":[251],"By":[252],"delineating":[253],"subsurface":[254],"structures":[255],"dynamics,":[258],"research":[260],"contributes":[261],"a":[263],"deeper":[264],"analysis":[265],"deterioration":[268],"processes":[269],"directly":[270],"both":[276],"in":[277,281],"rest":[283],"Altamira,":[288],"providing":[289],"information":[290],"determine":[292],"its":[293],"future":[294],"hydrogeological":[297],"evolution.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}